Ahmet T. Kuru

Why do Muslim-majority countries exhibit high levels of authoritarianism and low levels of socio-economic development in comparison to world averages? Ahmet T. Kuru criticizes explanations which point to Islam as the cause of this disparity, because Muslims were philosophically and socio-economically more developed than Western Europeans between the ninth and twelfth centuries. Nor was Western colonialism the cause: Muslims had already suffered political and socio-economic problems when colonization began. Kuru argues that Muslims had influential thinkers and merchants in their early history, when religious orthodoxy and military rule were prevalent in Europe. However, in the eleventh century, an alliance between orthodox Islamic scholars (the ulema) and military states began to emerge. This alliance gradually hindered intellectual and economic creativity by marginalizing intellectual and bourgeois classes in the Muslim world. This important study links its historical explanation to contemporary politics by showing that, to this day, ulema-state alliance still prevents creativity and competition in Muslim countries.

A Global and Historical Comparison

Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment

Sinopsis buku Mengapa negara-negara berpenduduk mayoritas Muslim menunjukkan tingkat otoritarianisme yang tinggi dan tingkat pembangunan sosioekonomi yang rendah dibandingkan dengan rata-rata dunia? Ahmet T. Kuru mengkritik penjelasan-penjelasan yang menunjuk agama Islam sebagai penyebab perbedaan itu, karena dalam bidang filsafat dan sosioekonomi, dunia Muslim sempat lebih maju daripada Eropa Barat antara abad ke-9 dan ke-12 Masehi. Kolonialisme Barat juga bukan penyebabnya: dunia Muslim sudah menderita masalah politik dan sosioekonomi ketika kolonisasi bermula. Kuru menunjukkan bahwa dunia Muslim sudah memiliki pemikir-pemikir dan pedagang-pedagang berpengaruh pada awal sejarahnya, ketika ortodoksi agama dan kekuasaan militer masih marak di Eropa. Namun, pada abad ke-11, persekutuan antara ulama ortodoks Islam dan negara-negara militer mulai bermunculan. Persekutuan itu sedikit demi sedikit menghalangi kreativitas intelektual dan ekonomi dengan meminggirkan kelas intelektual dan borjuis di dunia Muslim. Studi penting ini menghubungkan penjelasan sejarah dengan politik masa kini dengan memperlihatkan bahwa sampai sekarang, aliansi ulama-negara tetap mempersulit kreativitas dan kompetisi di negara-negara Muslim. Ahmet T. Kuru ialah guru besar ilmu politik dan direktur Center for Islamic and Arabic Studies di San Diego University. Dia penulis Secularism and State Policies toward Religion: The United States, France, and Turkey (Cambridge 2009) yang meraih perhargaan dan editor (dengan Alfred Stepan) Democracy, Islam, and Secularism in Turkey (2012). Karya-karyanya sudah diterjemahkan ke bahasa Arab, Bosnia, Persia, Prancis, Tiongkok, dan Turki. Buku ini (berjudul asli /Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment: A Global and Historical Comparison)/ merupakan satu dari dua pemenang International History and Politics Award dari American Political Science Association. Judul : Islam, Otoritarianisme, Dan Ketertinggalan Penulis : Ahmet T. Kuru Rating : Semua Umur Penerbit : Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia Tanggal Terbit: 30 Desember 2020 Tebal: 504 halaman ISBN: 9786024815172 Berat: 600 gram Dimensi: 21 cm x 14 cm

Islam, Otoritarianisme, dan Ketertinggalan

Why do secular states pursue different policies toward religion? This book provides a generalizable argument about the impact of ideological struggles on the public policy making process, as well as a state-religion regimes index of 197 countries. More specifically, it analyzes why American state policies are largely tolerant of religion, whereas French and Turkish policies generally prohibit its public visibility, as seen in their bans on Muslim headscarves. In the United States, the dominant ideology is "passive secularism," which requires the state to play a passive role, by allowing public visibility of religion. Dominant ideology in France and Turkey is "assertive secularism," which demands that the state play an assertive role in excluding religion from the public sphere. Passive and assertive secularism became dominant in these cases through certain historical processes, particularly the presence or absence of an ancien régime based on the marriage between monarchy and hegemonic religion during state-building periods.

The United States, France, and Turkey

Secularism and State Policies toward Religion

Pasif ve Dislayici Laiklik - ABD, Fransa ve Turkiye

Comparing policy in America, France, and Turkey, this book analyzes the impact of ideological struggles on public policies toward religion.

Secularism and State Policies Toward Religion

Analyzes Muslim countries' contemporary problems, particularly violence, authoritarianism, and underdevelopment, comparing their historical levels of development with Western Europe.

Ahmet T. Kuru

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