Andrew Phillips

J C Sharman

"From Spanish conquistadors through to pith-helmeted British colonialists, the prevailing vision of European empire-builders has been staunchly statist. But from the early 1600s through to the early twentieth century, from the East Indies to North America to Africa and the South Pacific, it was company states - not sovereign states - that played the most important role in driving European worldwide commercial and colonial expansion. In Asia, the Dutch and English East India Companies ingratiated themselves with mighty Asian rulers such as the Mughal and Qing Emperors to infiltrate Asian markets. In North America, the Hudson's Bay Company maintained a network of forts and factories across the continent closely integrated with American Indian trading routes and practices. And in Africa, the company states were first key intermediaries in the trans-Atlantic slave trade, and later the colonial vanguards of the 'scramble for Africa.' Notwithstanding their central importance for both International Relations scholars and students of global history, company states remain largely ignored in studies of the modern international system's evolution and expansion. Beholden to an outdated historiography, most scholarship on the expansion of the international system looks only at sovereign states. Historians and historical sociologists have done more to acknowledge company states' pioneering role. But these studies have typically focused on individual company states in isolation, and have thus missed the significance of company states as key progenitors of the modern international system. As a result of this neglect, we lack an understanding of what defined the company states as a distinctive form of international actor, and how they served as crucial but now largely forgotten builders of the world's first truly global international system. Existing works struggle to account for rise, fall and fleeting nineteenth century resurrection of company states as agents of long distance commerce and conquest, as well as their sharply contrasting fortunes in different regions. Finally, unless we understand the nature and significance of company states, we cannot understand how inter-civilizational relations were mediated across trans-continental distances and deep cultural differences for the majority of the modern era. These are the vital gaps in our knowledge which the authors seek to address in this book"--Provided by publisher.

How Company-States Made the Modern World

Outsourcing Empire

David Ford

John Abraham

Michael Pomazansky

Georges Florovsky

J. R. Emry

Michael Georgiades

Panagiotis M.

Monk Basil Monk Basil

Joel Yannakopoulos

John Whiteford

St. Seraphim Sarov

Elder Philotheos Zervakos

Archimandrite Cyril Archimandrite Cyril

Met. Piraeus Seraphim

Monk Ephraim Monk Ephraim

Elder Ephraim Elder Ephraim

Elder Paisios Elder Paisios

Elder Joseph Elder Joseph

Cleopa Cleopa

Monk Theocletus Dionysiates

Archbishop Chrysostomos Archbishop Chrysostomos

Mathew Baker

Bp. Athanasius Yevtich

K. N.

Georges Dragas

Basil Bakoyannis

Met. Georges Khodr

Archimandrite Toumaz Bitar

Dionysios Tatsis

Monk Theophan Monk Theophan

Since the early 20th century there have been groups which have walled themselves off from the Church concerning changes that were afoot around the world and in the Church. The leading issue, like the tip of a spear that sparked some to set themselves apart in resistance to these changes, was the introduction of a new calendar - often called the Revised Julian Calendar. The Gregorian Calendar, having been rejected over it's altered paschalion , was hybridized to keep the old calendar paschalion. The increasing tensions, including state persecution, lead this resistance to bunker down in it's convictions and lead the division to be solidified. These in resistance are called derisively Old Calendarists. This volume seeks to be sourcebook concerning Old Calendarism. The perspectives included in this volume range from sympathetic to highly critical.It is hoped that this book will promote understanding and dialogue in Christian Love.Lord have mercy!

History and Critique of Old Calendarism

Few towns equalled Colchester in their role in the Great War. In this expert account, Colchester historian Andrew Phillips records four of the most dramatic years in the towns history.As Headquarters of Eastern Region, Colchesters garrison supplied many of the men who prevented the early defeat of France. The town then became a training area for at least 100,000 recruits. While training, guns on the Western Front could often be heard.At times Colchesters civilian population of 40,000 was equalled by 40,000 troops, who often billeted with local families or housed in large tent cities, which then became hut cities. With 20,000 troops to feed on average, long food queues became a daily experience until rationing was introduced, and soon thousands of requisitioned horses, trucks, artillery pieces and munitions were also assembled in the town.As the war took its deadly toll, Colchester became one vast hospital as the wounded arrived by train. An enlarged garrison hospital, an enlarged civilian hospital and six Red Cross Hospitals nursed at least 110,000 men. Colchester women made huge quantities of bandages, splints and gowns to alleviate the suffering of the war wounded. Colchester factories produced uniforms, guns, shells, mines, compressors and engines. Paxmans, the largest firm of the town, produced a staggering 20 million precision-machined parts. Over 10 per cent of Colchesters adult men died in the conflict, the highest in eastern England and twice the national average. Small wonder the town built one of the finest civic war memorials in England.

Colchester in the Great War

Colchester boasts 2,000 years of history. Few towns in Britain can equal that. Yet this new book, by a local author, is the first full and concise history of Colchester to be published for over half a century, during which time our knowledge of the town's past has grown immeasurably. The Iron-Age capital of King Cunobelin (Shakespeare's Cymbeline), Colchester was the target of the Roman invasion in AD 43. Where the Emperor Claudius received its submission, the Romans built a legionary fortress, the framework of which still forms the centre of Colchester. As capital of Roman Britain, Colchester was overrun and burnt by the warrior queen Boudica (aka Boadicea), then rebuilt and ringed by its famous walls. After Rome fell and the Saxon incursions began, the Saxon King Edward the Elder made it the leading town in Essex. The Normans raised its profile higher, when an Abbey, a Priory and a great castle gave it the strategic defence of Eastern England. It was besieged only once, when King John was in conflict with his barons over Magna Carta. For 400 years Colchester's cloth industry placed it among the top fifteen towns in the kingdom. It saw Protestants burnt at the stake, withstood a Civil War siege, was ravaged by plague and stood in the front line against invasion, first by Napoleon, then by the Kaiser, then by Hitler. An important engineering town since Victorian times, it is today a regional shopping centre, a major garrison town and a popular tourist attraction. This authoritative, readable and well illustrated work, from a professional historian, will doubtless become the standard work on this ancient town for at least the next half-century.

A History

Colchester

J. C. Sharman

This book explains how a diverse Indian Ocean international system arose and endured during Europe's crucial opening stages of imperial expansion.

International Order in Diversity

How did upstart outsiders forge vast new empires in early modern Asia, laying the foundations for today's modern mega-states of India and China? In How the East Was Won, Andrew Phillips reveals the crucial parallels uniting the Mughal Empire, the Qing Dynasty and the British Raj. Vastly outnumbered and stigmatised as parvenus, the Mughals and Manchus pioneered similar strategies of cultural statecraft, first to build the multicultural coalitions necessary for conquest, and then to bind the indigenous collaborators needed to subsequently uphold imperial rule. The English East India Company later adapted the same 'define and conquer' and 'define and rule' strategies to carve out the West's biggest colonial empire in Asia. Refuting existing accounts of the 'rise of the West', this book foregrounds the profoundly imitative rather than innovative character of Western colonialism to advance a new explanation of how universal empires arise and endure.

Barbarian Conquerors, Universal Conquest and the Making of Modern Asia

How the East Was Won

Christian Reus-Smit

Provides a new framework for reconceptualizing the historical and contemporary relationship between cultural diversity, political authority, and international order.

Culture and Order in World Politics

Irving Fisher

The Elements of geometry

Sho-tō ki-ka gaku kyō-ka sho

Andrew Phillips

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