Birgit Sauer

Sieglinde Rosenberger

Heated debates about Muslim women's veiling practices have regularly attracted the attention of European policymakers over the last decade. The headscarf has been both vehemently contested by national and/or regional governments, political parties and public intellectuals and passionately defended by veil wearing women and their supporters. Systematically applying a comparative perspective, this book addresses the question of why the headscarf tantalises and causes such controversy over issues about religious pluralism, secularism, neutrality of the state, gender oppression, citizenship, migration, and multiculturalism. Seeking also to establish why the issue has become part of the disciplinary practices of some European countries but not of others, this work brings together an important collection of interpretative research regarding the current debates on the veil in Europe, offering an interdisciplinary scope and European-wide setting. Brought together through a common research methodology, the contributors focus on the different religious, political and cultural meanings of the veiling issue across eight countries and develop a comparative explanation of veiling regimes. This work will be of great interest to students and scholars of religion & politics, gender studies and multiculturalism.

Framing and Regulating the Veil

Politics, Religion and Gender

Otto Penz

Mit dem Wandel von der industriellen zur Dienstleistungsgesellschaft werden Gefühle zu entscheidenden beruflichen Kompetenzen. Sie unterliegen der Vermarktlichung und werden zu einem Kapital. Otto Penz und Birgit Sauer entwickeln vor diesem Hintergrund in Anlehnung an Bourdieu und Foucault ein kritisches gesellschaftstheoretisches Konzept von Affekten. Sie untersuchen deren soziale und geschlechtsspezifische Prägung im Kontext neoliberaler Transformation von Erwerbsarbeit und zeigen am Beispiel einer einst staatlichen Verwaltung, nämlich der Post, wie die Fremd- und Selbstkontrolle von Affekten zu einer unternehmerischen Haltung der Arbeitskräfte beiträgt. Das Buch behandelt sowohl die Auswirkungen affektiver Arbeit auf die Subjektivität der Beschäftigten als auch die Frage der affektiven Vergesellschaftung von Arbeitskräften im gegenwärtigen Kapitalismus. Es diskutiert, ob die Mobilisierung von Affekten zum Verschwinden der Geschlechterdifferenz führt und ob sich aus affektiven Beziehungen neue Chancen für solidarisches Handeln angesichts prekärer Arbeitsverhältnisse eröffnen.

Die Ökonomisierung der Gefühle im Arbeitsleben

Affektives Kapital

Governing Affects explores the neoliberal transformation of state governance in Europe towards affective forms of dominance exercised by customer-oriented neo-bureaucracies and public service providers. By investigating the rise of affective labour in contemporary European service societies and the conversion of state administrations into business-like public services, the authors trace the transformative power of neoliberal political thought as it is put into practice. The book examines new affective modes of subjectivation and activation of public employees, as well as their embodiment of affective requirements, to successfully guide and advise citizens. Neoliberalism induces a double agency in neo-bureaucrats: entrepreneurialism is coupled with affective skills for the purpose of governing clients in their own best interests. These competences are unevenly distributed between the genders, as their affective dispositions differ historically. Drawing on the theoretical concepts of Foucault and Bourdieu, the book offers innovative insights into recent processes of state transformation, affective subjectivation, and changes in labour relations. By combining theory building on governance with empirical research in key areas of state power, the book will be of interest to scholars and researchers in a broad range of disciplines, including political science, political sociology, and critical governance studies.

Neoliberalism, Neo-Bureaucracies, and Service Work

Governing Affects

Fabienne Décieux

Karin Fischer

Roland Atzmüller

Brigitte Aulenbacher

Ulrich Brand

Presenting a profound and far-reaching analysis of economic, ecological, social, cultural and political developments of contemporary capitalism, this book draws on the work of Karl Polanyi, and re-reads it for our times. The renowned authors offer key insights to current changes in the relations between the economy, politics and society, and their ecological and social effects.

Movements and Countermovements in the 21st Century

Capitalism in Transformation

Mojca Pajnik

The Web plays an increasingly important role in the communication strategies of political parties and movements, which increasingly utilize it for promoting ideas and ideologies as well as mobilization and campaigning strategies. This book explores the role of the Web for right-wing populist political parties and movements across Europe. Analyzing these groups’ discourses and practices of online communication, it shows how social media is used to spread ideas and mobilize supporters whilst also excluding constructed ‘others’ such as migrants, Muslims, women or LGBT persons. Expert contributors provide evidence of a shift in the strategies of mainstream parties as they also engage in ‘Internet populism’ and suggest ways that progressive movements can and do respond to counter these developments. Topics are explored using a cross-country analysis which does not neglect the particularities of the national contexts. This work will appeal to researchers and students working in the fields of media and communication studies, political theory, policy analysis, studies of populism, racism and nationalism, gender, LGBT, migration, Islam and welfare.

Communicative Practices of Parties and Movements in Europe

Populism and the Web

Farid Hafez

Michael Meyen

Christian Schubert

Moshe Zuckermann

Marlene Streeruwitz

Karl Reitter

Imad Mustafa

Diether Dehm

Norman Paech

Rainer Fischbach

Joachim Hirsch

Maria Wölflingseder

Dieter Reinisch

Mit Texten von Wolf Wetzel, Marlene Streeruwitz, Moshe Zuckermann, Norman Paech, Rainer Fischbach, Birgit Sauer, Farid Hafez, Michael Meyen, Diether Dehm, Gerhard Hanloser, Joachim Hirsch, Maria Wölflingseder, Imad Mustafa, Dieter Reinisch, Karl Reitter, Thomas Wüppesahl, Christian Schubert u.a. Die Machtausübung unserer Tage basiert auf mehreren Säulen. Noch immer scheint jene Definition zu gelten, mit der Antonio Gramsci vor bald 100 Jahren den (bürgerlichen) Staat beschrieb: "Hegemonie, gepanzert mit Zwang". Die jeweiligen Regierenden erkaufen die Akzeptanz zu ihrer Politik mit materiellen Zugeständnissen – so dies ökonomisch möglich ist. Parallel dazu betreiben sie eine Herrschaftstechnik, die immer offener zutage tritt: die Erzeugung von Angst. Dies ermöglicht dem Staat stärkere Befugnisse und lenkt die Aufmerksamkeit der Menschen auf das jeweilige Drohszenario. Die vermittelten Gefahren haben reale Ausgangspunkte und reichen von Terroranschlägen bis zur Ausbreitung von Viren. Dem Liberalismus ist das Autoritäre inhärent und er nutzt Bedrohungen, um die Kontrolle des sozialen Lebens auszuweiten und die demokratische Teilhabe weiter einzuschränken. Das Motto der Maßnahmen, seien es zunehmende Überwachung, Anti-Terrorgesetzgebung, Austeritätsregime, Ausgangssperren oder Lockdowns, lautet: Es gibt keine Alternative. Medien transportieren und verstärken diese Botschaft und sorgen dafür, dass die von oben verbreitete Angst nach unten in alle gesellschaftlichen Bereiche durchsickert, sodass Menschen dazu übergehen, sich gegenseitig unter Druck zu setzen, um den politischen Vorgaben Folge zu leisten. Der Sammelband "Herrschaft der Angst" setzt sich mit historischen Beispielen und Auswirkungen dieser – im Zuge der sogenannten Corona-Krise verstärkten – Strategie auseinander. Von den Notstandsverordnungen in der BRD der 1970er-Jahre über das Beispiel der israelischen Politik der Furcht bis zur Islamophobie und den Pandemie-Verordnungen reicht der Bogen der Beiträge. Dazu werden auch kulturelle und psychologische Folgen der Herrschaft durch Angst in den Blick genommen, die wiederum in negativer Weise auf die Gesellschaft zurückwirken. Ein emanzipatorischer Aufbruch ist dringend notwendig. Dafür ist eine Kritik an der verordneten Angst unerlässlich.

Von der Bedrohung zum Ausnahmezustand

Herrschaft der Angst

Sabine Lang

Petra Ahrens

Katja Chmilewski

This book provides a timely and unique contribution to current debates on how effectively voluntary party quotas address the persistent underrepresentation of women in legislatures. Using a most similar case design and a mixed-methods approach, the authors draw attention to the ways in which electoral systems and party regulations interface with voluntary party quotas in Germany and Austria. All quota parties in these countries support the goal of equal participation of women and men in elected office, and quotas are presented as a means to precisely that end. In order to assess parties’ commitment to their declared goals, and the effectiveness of quotas, the book introduces the concept of the post-quota gender gap and defines it as the difference between a party’s adopted quota and the actual share of women in legislative bodies at the national and regional level. Complementing the existing literature on recruitment and socio-cultural legacies, the authors argue that the problem of voluntary party quotas lies at the intersection of party quota design and electoral law. Either parties need to design quotas that actually work within a given electoral system, or we need legislative action geared toward advancing parity not just in candidate selection, but in the composition of legislatures. The book draws on gendered candidate and election data, on the party statutes of federal and state-level party organizations, and on interviews with party officials and party women’s organizations.

Implementing Party Quotas in Germany and Austria

Gender Equality in Politics

Mateja Sedmak

Barbara Gornik

Unaccompanied minor migrants are underage migrants, who for various reasons leave their country and are separated from their parents or legal/customary guardians. Some of them live entirely by themselves, while others join their relatives or other adults in a foreign country. The concept of the best interests of a child is widely applied in international, national legal documents and several guidelines and often pertains to unaccompanied minor migrants given that they are separated from parents, who are not able to exercise their basic parental responsibilities. This book takes an in-depth look at the issues surrounding the best interests of the child in relation to unaccompanied minor migrants drawing on social, legal and political sciences in order to understand children’s rights not only as a matter of positive law but mainly as a social practice depending on personal biographies, community histories and social relations of power. The book tackles the interpretation of the rights of the child and the best interests principle in the case of unaccompanied minor migrants in Europe at political, legal and practical levels. In its first part the book considers theoretical aspects of children’s rights and the best interests of the child in relation to unaccompanied minor migrants. Adopting a critical approach to the implementation of the Convention of Rights of a Child authors nevertheless confirm its relevance for protecting minor migrants’ rights in practice. Authors deconstruct power relations residing within the discourses of children’s rights and best interests, demonstrating that these rights are constructed and decided upon by those in power who make decisions on behalf of those who do not possess authority. Authors further on explore normative and methodological aspects of Article 3 of the Convention on the Rights of a Child and its relevance for asylum and migration legislation. The second part of the book goes on to examine the actual legal framework related to unaccompanied minor migrants and implementation of children’s’ rights and their best interests in the reception, protection, asylum and return procedures. The case studies are based on from the empirical research, on interviews with key experts and unaccompanied minor migrants in Austria, France, Slovenia and United Kingdom. Examining age assessment procedures, unaccompanied minors’ survivals strategies and their everyday life in reception centres the contributors point to the discrepancy between the states’ obligations to take the best interest of the child into account when dealing with unaccompanied minor migrants, and the lack of formal procedures of best interest determination in practice. The chapters expose weaknesses and failures of institutionalized systems in selected European countries in dealing with unaccompanied children and young people on the move.

In Whose Best Interests?

Unaccompanied Children in European Migration and Asylum Practices

Brigitte Liebig

Karin Gottschall

Gender Equality has not yet been achieved in many western countries. Switzerland in particular has failed as a forerunner in integrating women in politics and economy. Taking Switzerland as a case study, the authors critically reflect the state of gender equality in different policy areas such as education, family and labour. The collection of articles reveals how gender policies and cultural contexts interact with social practices of gender (in)equality. They also outline the gender(ed) effects of recent changes and reform strategies for scientists, politicians and practitioners.

Policies and Practices in Switzerland

Gender Equality in Context

Eva Kreisky

Politisch und politikwissenschaftlich Selbstverständliches wird derzeit in mehrfacher Hinsicht herausgefordert: Globalisierung und Internationalisierung, Deregulierung und Verhandlungsstaat, Medialisierung und Intimisierung von Politik und schließlich Politikverdrossenheit sind Metaphern für politische "Entgrenzungsprozesse" am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts. Geschlechterverhältnisse bilden ein integrales Element des hegemonialen politischen Arrangements der Moderne. Die Neustrukturierung von Geschlechterverhältnissen prägt nun auch ganz wesentlich aktuelle Transformationsprozesse: Die Neuverteilung von Arbeit ist ebenso geschlechtlich codiert wie das Projekt der Demokratisierung. Der Band artikuliert die vielfach implizite Geschlechtlichkeit politischer Prozesse und Institutionen, aber auch politikwissenschaftliche Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung in klassischen Bereichen der Politikwissenschaft. Sie präsentieren und problematisieren darüber hinaus das heuristische Potential der Geschlechterforschung im transformatorischen Kontext des Politischen.

Geschlechterverhältnisse im Kontext politischer Transformation

Melissa Haussman

Gendering the State is a ground-breaking collection of studies that examines the efforts of women in countries all over the world to frame public policy debates on nationally critical issues in gendered terms. This is the latest volume in the Research Network on Gender and the State (RNGS) collaborative studies. Using the RNGS model of women's movement and women's policy actor strategies to influence public policy debates and state response, the book looks at data gathered from ten European countries (including Finland and Sweden), plus Japan, Australia, Canada, and the United States from the 1990s to today. The overall study is grouped into three distinct patterns of state change: state downsizing-particularly in social policy areas (Canada, Finland, the Netherlands, the United States, and Spain); expansion of state activities into previously less-regulated areas (Austria, France, Germany, and Sweden); and transformation-often constitutionally based-of representative structures (Australia, Belgium, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom). Examination of these patterns reveals the impact of the changes in state structures and national priorities on the effectiveness and ability of women's movement actors in achieving their goals.

Women's Movements and State Feminism in Postindustrial Democracies

Gendering the State in the Age of Globalization

Birgit Sauer

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