Francesca Gino

Harvard Business School

Celia Moore

S. Wiley Wakeman

When entering task performance contexts we generally have expectations about both the task and how well we will perform on it. When those expectations go unmet, we experience psychological discomfort (cognitive dissonance), which we are then motivated to resolve. Prior research on expectancy disconfirmation in task performance contexts has focused on the dysfunctional consequences of disconfirming low performance expectations (i.e., stereotype threat). In this paper we focus on the dysfunctional consequences of disconfirming high performance expectations. In three studies, we find that individuals are more likely to break rules if they have been led to expect that achieving high levels of performance will be easy rather than difficult, even if breaking rules means behaving unethically. We show that this willingness to break rules is not due to differences in legitimate performance as a function of how easy people expect the task to be, or whether their expectations are set explicitly (by referring to others' performance) or implicitly (as implied by their own prior performance). Instead, using a misattribution paradigm, we show that cognitive dissonance triggered by unmet expectations drives our effects.

Breaking Rules to Resolve Cognitive Dissonance

Dangerous Expectations

FOX HALT FARM is a compelling love story set over two decades with a backdrop of atmospheric Dartmoor, Devon. Perfect for fans of ROMANCE - this is a weighty and CAPTIVATING READ.Opening on a cliff edge, Billy finds herself alone and betrayed. She believes everyone and everything she loves is threatened.Richard's world is aglow with wealth, love and unswerving family loyalty but then his perfect life crosses Billy's. He could save Billy, her beloved dairy cows and Fox Halt Farm but this young woman isn't in the mood to be rescued.Nothing will stay the same. Should they trust each other? Will their secrets tear their lives apart?Fox Halt Farm is going to be hard to put down. The story cracks along and you are caught up in Celia Moore's vivid storytelling from the start. If you love novels by Jill Mansell, Maeve Binchy and Danielle Steel you will love this too!Billy and Richard's story will tug on your heart-strings. This novel is emotive, enthralling and so real - this is what could happen when two very different worlds collide. Celia Moore's first novel is full of intrigue as she describes each absorbing event. A book to recommend to your friends who want a spellbinding story full of fascinating people. The plot moves along so fast - it will have you still thinking about it at two o'clock in the morning! Charming, full of ups and downs with sadness and deceit but with love bringing hope. An inspirational book for Christmas, Thanksgiving, New Year and holidays with heroes and villains, love triangles, millionaires, conspiracy and hope - all in a magic carpet ride. "...a vividly drawn setting with a warm beating heart..." Welsh Annie (TOP 500 REVIEWER VINE VOICE) "Fox Halt Farm has emotional and heartfelt moments along with plenty of drama but also love within the story too!..."Rae Reads...

Celia Moore

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