Chiara Bottici

Anarchafeminism

Banu Bargu

This edited collection examines the relationship between three central terms—capitalism, feminism, and critique—while critically celebrating the work and life of a thinker who has done the most to address this nexus: Nancy Fraser. In honor of her seventieth birthday, and in the spirit of her work in the tradition of critical theory, this collection brings together scholars from different disciplines and theoretical approaches to address this conjunction and evaluate Fraser’s lifelong contributions to theorizing it. Scholars from philosophy, political science, sociology, gender studies, race theory and economics come together to think through the vicissitudes of capitalism and feminism while also responding to different elements of Nancy Fraser’s work, which weaves together a strong feminist standpoint with a vibrant and complex critique of capitalism. Going beyond conventional disciplinary distinctions and narrow debates, all the contributors to this project share a commitment to critically understanding the connection between capitalism, exploitation, and the viable roads for emancipation. They recover insights provided by classical traditions of political and social thought, but they also open new research directions adapted to the global challenges of our time.

Essays in Honor of Nancy Fraser

Feminism, Capitalism, and Critique

A Feminist Mythology takes us on a poetic journey through the canonical myths of femininity, testing them from the point of view of our modern condition. A myth is not an object, but rather a process, one that Chiara Bottici practises by exploring different variants of the myth of “womanhood” through first- and third-person prose and poetry. We follow a series of myths that morph into each other, disclosing ways of being woman that question inherited patriarchal orders. In this metamorphic world, story-telling is not just a mix of narrative, philosophical dialogues and metaphysical theorizing: it is a current that traverses all of them by overflowing the boundaries it encounters. In doing so, A Feminist Mythology proposes an alternative writing style that recovers ancient philosophical and literary traditions from the pre-Socratic philosophers and Ovid's Metamorphoses to the philosophical novellas and feminist experimental writings of the last century.

A Feminist Mythology

In this book, Chiara Bottici argues for a philosophical understanding of political myth. Bottici shows that myth is a process, one of continuous work on a basic narrative pattern that responds to a need for significance. Human beings need meaning in order to master the world they live in, but they also need significance in order to live in a world that is less indifferent to them. This is particularly true in the realm of politics. Political myths are narratives through which we orient ourselves, and act and feel about our political world. Bottici shows that in order to come to terms with contemporary phenomena, such as the clash between civilizations, we need a Copernican revolution in political philosophy. If we want to save reason, we need to look at it from the standpoint of myth.

A Philosophy of Political Myth

Simon Critchley

Jacob Blumenfeld

In an act of resistance against the usage of the word 'anarchist' as an insult and representations of anarchy as a recipe for pure disorder, The Anarchist Turn brings together innovative and fresh perspectives on anarchism to argue that in fact it represents a form of collective, truly democratic social organisation. In the last few decades the negative caricature of anarchy has begun to crack. As free market states and state socialism preserve social hierarchies and remain apathetic on matters of inequality, globalisation and the social movements it spawned have proved what anarchists have long been advocating: an anarchical order is not just desirable, but also feasible. A number of high profile contributors, including Judith Butler, Simon Critchley, Cinzia Arruzza and Alberto Toscano, discuss the anarchist hypothesis, referencing its many historical and geographical variants and analysing its relationship to feminism, politics, economics, history and sociology.

The Anarchist Turn

«O tutte, o nessuno di noi sarà libero». Questo il motto dell'anarca-femminismo. Questa nuova e rivoluzionaria visione vuol dire la liberazione di ogni creatura vivente dallo sfruttamento capitalista e dalla politica androcentrica di dominazione. Un femminismo al passo con i tempi deve essere capace di comprendere e accogliere le lotte e le rivendicazioni del femminismo tradizionale che esige l'uguaglianza per le donne, così come la critica queer, la nozione di genere come dispositivo biopolitico, le battaglie trans che mettono in discussione il dominio cisgender, i sospetti del femminismo nero e decoloniale che vede il femminismo bianco come un femminismo d'élite vinto a spese di corpi razzializzati e infine l'eco-femminismo che capisce che lo sfruttamento della natura va di pari passo con lo sfruttamento delle donne. Il manifesto anarca-femminista riesce in un intento apparentemente impossibile: unire in un unico punto di vista posizioni così poliedriche. Questo è possibile perché anarca-femminismo significa assenza di arché – assenza di un principio unico che spieghi l'oppressione – ed è valido per chiunque appartiene al 'secondo sesso' e subisce allo stesso tempo lo sfruttamento del capitale e il dispositivo biopolitico degli Stati, determinati a classificare i nostri corpi per renderli più redditizi: donne trans, donne cis, coloro che hanno generi molteplici, LGBTQI+ e altri.

Manifesto anarca-femminista

Nessuna donna sarà mai libera se ogni altro essere vivente non lo sarà. Abbiamo bisogno di un approccio multiforme al dominio che sia in grado di tenere insieme voci diverse, egualmente finalizzate allo smantellamento dell'oppressione. Solo un pensiero anarcafemminista è in grado di rispondere alle sfide del nostro tempo perché tiene insieme la specificità dell'oppressione delle donne e la convinzione per cui la lotta contro questa specifica oppressione richiede di affrontare anche tutte le altre. Il femminismo non è un movimento che ha a che fare solo ed esclusivamente con 'questioni di donne'. Costituisce, piuttosto, una forma di critica dell'ordine sociale nella sua globalità. Consente di affinare la concezione dell'oppressione attraverso un'analisi dei modi di dominio interiorizzati e di decostruirli. Chiara Bottici propone una teoria filosofica radicale, che definisce anarcafemminista, ispirata a due affermazioni principali: la prima è che c'è qualcosa di specifico nell'oppressione delle donne; la seconda è che, per combatterla, dobbiamo districarci tra tutte le altre forme di oppressione e dall'antropocentrismo che le caratterizza.

Il femminismo come critica dell'ordine sociale

Nessuna sottomissione

Un feminismo a la altura de los tiempos sería aquel capaz de comprender y dar cabida a la luchas y reivindicaciones del feminismo tradicional que exige la igualdad y la diferencia de la mujer, a las críticas «queer», a la noción de género como dispositivo biopolítico –incluida la noción «mujer»–, a las demandas trans que ponen en tela de juicio el dominio cisgénero, así como a las sospechas del feminismo negro y decolonial que ven en el feminismo blanco un feminismo de élite ganado a expensas de los cuerpos racializados, tanto como al ecofeminismo que entiende que la explotación de la naturaleza va a la par de la explotación de la mujer. Esto que parece imposible, aunar desde un sólo punto de vista posiciones tan poliédricas, el «Manifiesto Anarcafeminista» de Chiara Boticci lo consigue. Lo imposible se torna posible porque el anarcafeminismo es «sin "arché"», sin un principio único que explique la opresión, y a la vez es para todas, mujeres trans, mujeres cis, LGTBIQ+, etc., es decir, para todo el «segundo sexo» de hoy que sufre al mismo tiempo la explotación del capital y el dispositivo biopolítico de los Estados empeñados en clasificar nuestros cuerpos para mejor rentabilizarlos.

Manifiesto Anarcafeminista

Benoît Challand

The Politics of Imagination offers a multidisciplinary perspective on the contemporary relationship between politics and the imagination. What role does our capacity to form images play in politics? And can we define politics as a struggle for people’s imagination? As a result of the increasingly central place of the media in our lives, the political role of imagination has undergone a massive quantitative and a qualitative change. As such, there has been a revival of interest in the concept of imagination, as the intimate connections between our capacity to form images and politics becomes more and more evident. Bringing together scholars from different disciplines and theoretical outlooks, The Politics of Imagination examines how the power of imagination reverberates in the various ambits of social and political life: in law, history, art, gender, economy, religion and the natural sciences. And it will be of considerable interest to those with contemporary interests in philosophy, political philosophy, political science, legal theory, gender studies, sociology, nationalism, identity studies, cultural studies, and media studies.

The Politics of Imagination

The concept of anarchy is often presented as a recipe for pure disorder. The Anarchist Turn brings together innovative and fresh perspectives on anarchism to argue that in fact it represents a form of collective, truly democratic social organization. The book shows how in the last decade the negative caricature of anarchy has begun to crack. Globalization and the social movements it spawned have proved what anarchists have long been advocating: an anarchical order is not just desirable, but also feasible. The contributors, including leading anarchist and critical theorists, argue that with the failure of both free-markets and state socialism the time has come for an "anarchist turn" in political philosophy. In doing so they relate the anarchist hypothesis to a range of other disciplines such as politics, anthropology, economics, history and sociology.

Between the radical, creative capacity of our imagination and the social imaginary we are immersed in is an intermediate space philosophers have termed the imaginal, populated by images or (re)presentations that are presences in themselves. Offering a new, systematic understanding of the imaginal and its nexus with the political, Chiara Bottici brings fresh insight into the formation of political and power relationships and the paradox of a world rich in imagery yet seemingly devoid of imagination. Bottici begins by defining the difference between the imaginal and the imaginary, locating the imaginalÕs root meaning in the image and its ability to both characterize a public and establish a set of activities within that public. She identifies the imaginalÕs critical role in powering representative democracies and its amplification through globalization. She then addresses the troublesome increase in images now mediating politics and the transformation of politics into empty spectacle. The spectacularization of politics has led to its virtualization, Bottici observes, transforming images into processes with an uncertain relationship to reality, and, while new media has democratized the image in a global society of the spectacle, the cloned image no longer mediates politics but does the act for us. Bottici concludes with politicsÕ current search for legitimacy through an invented ideal of tradition, a turn to religion, and the incorporation of human rights language.

Images Beyond Imagination and the Imaginary

Imaginal Politics

How can we be sure the oppressed do not become oppressors in their turn? How can we create a feminism that doesn't turn into yet another tool for oppression? It has become commonplace to argue that, in order to fight the subjugation of women, we have to unpack the ways different forms of oppression intersect with one another: class, race, gender, sexuality, disability, and ecology, to name only a few. By arguing that there is no single factor, or arche, explaining the oppression of women, Chiara Bottici proposes a radical anarchafeminist philosophy inspired by two major claims: that there is something specific to the oppression of women, and that, in order to fight that, we need to untangle all other forms of oppression and the anthropocentrism they inhabit. Anarchism needs feminism to address the continued subordination of all femina, but feminism needs anarchism if it does not want to become the privilege of a few. Anarchafeminism calls for a decolonial and deimperial position and for a renewed awareness of the somatic communism connecting all different life forms on the planet. In this new revolutionary vision, feminism does not mean the liberation of the lucky few, but liberation for all living creatures from both capitalist exploitation and an androcentric politics of domination. Either all or none of us will be free.

Can we rule states through the same means that have been used to rule individuals? Has globalization rendered the analogy between male individual human beings and states outdated? This book tackles the issue by analyzing the presuppositions of the domestic analogy and providing the tools to assess its validity in the different contexts and theories. What renders such a reasoning problematic is not its resting on a mere analogy, but the fact that it surreptitiously transforms an historically situated model, that of the western sovereign state, into a paradigm of universal value. By focusing on a crucial yet often neglected problem for both contemporary Political Theory and International Relations, Men and States argues for the need to overcome the domestic analogy towards the development of a global political theory able to face the challenges of the new global age.

Rethinking the Domestic Analogy in a Global Age

Men and States

In Imagining Europe, Chiara Bottici and Benoît Challand explore the formation of modern European identity. Europe has not always been there, although we have been imagining it for quite some time. Even after the birth of a polity called the European Union, the meaning of Europe remained a very much contested topic. What is Europe? What are its boundaries? Is there a specific European identity or is the EU just the name for a group of institutions? This book answers these questions, showing that in Europe's formation, myth and memory, although distinct, are often merged in a common attempt to construct an identity for its present and its future. In a time when Europe is facing an existential crisis, when its meaning is being questioned, Imagining Europe explores a vital and often unacknowledged aspect of the European project.

Myth, Memory, and Identity

Imagining Europe

Chiara Bottici and Benoît Challand explore the formative process of a European identity situated between myth and memory.

Between the radical, creative capacity of our imagination and the social imaginary we are immersed in is an intermediate space philosophers have termed the imaginal, populated by images or (re)presentations that are presences in themselves. Offering a new, systematic understanding of the imaginal and its nexus with the political, Chiara Bottici brings fresh perspective to the formation of political and power relationships and the paradox of a world rich in imagery yet seemingly devoid of imagination. Bottici begins by defining the difference between the imaginal and the imaginary, locating the imaginal's root meaning in the image and its ability to both characterize a public and establish a set of activities within that public. She identifies the imaginal's critical role in powering representative democracies and its amplification through globalization. She then addresses the troublesome increase in images now mediating politics and the transformation of politics into empty spectacle. The spectacularization of politics has led to its virtualization, Bottici observes, transforming images into processes with an uncertain relationship to reality, and, while new media has democratized the image in a global society of the spectacle, the cloned image no longer mediates politics but does the act for us. Bottici concludes with politics' current search for legitimacy through an invented ideal of tradition, a turn to religion, and the incorporation of human rights language.

In this book, originally published in 2007, Chiara Bottici argues for a philosophical understanding of political myth. Bottici demonstrates that myth is a process, one of continuous work on a basic narrative pattern that responds to a need for significance. Human beings need meaning in order to master the world they live in, but they also need significance in order to live in a world that is less indifferent to them. This is particularly true in the realm of politics. Political myths are narratives through which we orient ourselves, and act and feel about our political world. Bottici shows that in order to come to terms with contemporary phenomena, such as the clash between civilizations, we need a Copernican revolution in political philosophy. If we want to save reason, we need to look at it from the standpoint of myth.

While globalization unifies the world, divisions re-emerge within it in the form of a spectacular separation between Islam and the West. How can it be that Huntington’s contested idea of a clash of civilizations became such a powerful political myth through which so many people look at the world? Bottici and Challand disentangle such a process of myth-making both in the West and in Muslim majority countries, and call for a renewed critical attitude towards it. By analysing a process of elaboration of this myth that took place in academic books, arts and media, comics and Hollywood films, they show that the clash of civilizations has become a cognitive scheme through which people look at the world, a practical image on the basis of which they act on it, as well as a drama which mobilizes passions and emotions. Written in a concise and accessible way, this book is a timely and valuable contribution to the academic literature, and more generally, to the public debate. As such, it will be an important reference for scholars and students of political science, sociology, philosophy, cultural studies, Middle Eastern politics and Islam.

Chiara Bottici

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