Cristina Lafont

This book articulates a participatory conception of deliberative democracy that takes the democratic ideal of self-government seriously. It aims to improve citizens' democratic control and vindicate the value of citizens' participation against conceptions that threaten to undermine it. The book critically analyzes deep pluralist, epistocratic, and lottocratic conceptions of democracy. Their defenders propose various institutional ''shortcuts'' to help solve problems of democratic governance such as overcoming disagreements, citizens' political ignorance, or poor-quality deliberation. However, all these shortcut proposals require citizens to blindly defer to actors over whose decisions they cannot exercise control. Implementing such proposals would therefore undermine democracy. Moreover, it seems naive to assume that a community can reach better outcomes 'faster' if it bypasses the beliefs and attitudes of its citizens. Unfortunately, there are no 'shortcuts' to make a community better than its members. The only road to better outcomes is the long, participatory road that is taken when citizens forge a collective will by changing one another's hearts and minds. However difficult the process of justifying political decisions to one another may be, skipping it cannot get us any closer to the democratic ideal. Starting from this conviction, the book defends a conception of democracy ''without shortcuts''. This conception sheds new light on long-standing debates about the proper scope of public reason, the role of religion in politics, and the democratic legitimacy of judicial review. It also proposes new ways to unleash the democratic potential of institutional innovations such as deliberative minipublics.

A Participatory Conception of Deliberative Democracy

Democracy Without Shortcuts

Penelope Deutscher

We live in critical times. We face a global crisis in economics and finance, a global ecological crisis, and a constant barrage of international disputes. Perhaps most dishearteningly, there seems to be little faith in our ability to address such difficult problems. However, there is also a more positive sense in which these are critical times. The world's current state of flux gives us a unique window of opportunity for shaping a new international order that will allow us to cope with current and future global crises. In Critical Theory in Critical Times, eleven of the most distinguished critical theorists offer new perspectives on recent crises and transformations of the global political and economic order. Essays from Jürgen Habermas, Seyla Benhabib, Cristina Lafont, Rainer Forst, Wendy Brown, Christoph Menke, Nancy Fraser, Rahel Jaeggi, Amy Allen, Penelope Deutscher, and Charles Mills address pressing issues including international human rights and democratic sovereignty, global neoliberalism, novel approaches to the critique of capitalism, critical theory's Eurocentric heritage, and new directions offered by critical race theory and postcolonial studies. Sharpening the conceptual tools of critical theory, the contributors to Critical Theory in Critical Times reveal new ways of expanding the diverse traditions of the Frankfurt School in response to some of the most urgent and important challenges of our times.

Transforming the Global Political and Economic Order

Critical Theory in Critical Times

Welche Form der Demokratie sollten wir in Zeiten von Rechtspopulismus, Wutbürgern und Fake News anstreben? In ihrem neuen Buch entwickelt die Philosophin Cristina Lafont eine partizipatorische Konzeption der deliberativen Demokratie, die das Ideal der Selbstregierung trotz aller Unkenrufe ernst nimmt. Sie plädiert dafür, das Mitspracherecht der Bürgerinnen und Bürger nicht nur zu verteidigen, sondern sogar zu stärken. Lafont entwickelt ihre Position in kritischer Auseinandersetzung mit pluralistischen, epistokratischen und lottokratischen Konzeptionen von Demokratie. Diese sehen verschiedene »Abkürzungen« vor, um Probleme der demokratischen Regierung – unüberwindliche Meinungsverschiedenheiten, politische Ignoranz, die schlechte Qualität politischer Deliberationen – zu lösen. All diese Abkürzungen untergraben jedoch die Demokratie, weil sie nur funktionieren, wenn die Bürgerinnen und Bürger sich blindlings Akteuren unterwerfen, deren Entscheidungen sie nicht mehr kontrollieren können. Auch die Annahme, dass eine Gemeinschaft bessere Ergebnisse erzielen kann, wenn sie ihre Mitglieder übergeht, erweist sich als falsch. Es gibt keine »Abkürzungen«, sondern nur den langen, bisweilen beschwerlichen partizipatorischen Weg, der beschritten wird, wenn die Bürgerinnen einen kollektiven Willen schmieden. Das ist unverkürzte Demokratie.

Eine Theorie deliberativer Bürgerbeteiligung

Unverkürzte Demokratie

Hauke Brunkhorst

Regina Kreide

Jürgen Habermas is one of the most influential philosophers of our time. His diagnoses of contemporary society and concepts such as the public sphere, communicative rationality, and cosmopolitanism have influenced virtually all academic disciplines, spurred political debates, and shaped intellectual life in Germany and beyond for more than fifty years. In The Habermas Handbook, leading Habermas scholars elucidate his thought, providing essential insight into his key concepts, the breadth of his work, and his influence across politics, law, the social sciences, and public life. This volume offers a comprehensive overview and an in-depth analysis of Habermas’s work in its entirety. After examining his intellectual biography, it goes on to illuminate the social and intellectual context of Habermasian thought, such as the Frankfurt School, speech-act theory, and contending theories of democracy. The Handbook provides an extensive account of Habermas’s texts, ranging from his dissertation on Schelling to his most recent writing about Europe. It illustrates the development of his thought and its frequently controversial reception while elaborating the central ideas of his work. The book also provides a glossary of key terms and concepts, making the complexity of Habermas’s thought accessible to a broad readership.

Cristina Lafont

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