Descartes

Tabiat Isigi ile Hakikati Arama

Meditations I and II are part and parcel to Ren� Descartes' larger work, "Meditations on First Philosophy." The First Meditation, subtitled "What can be called into doubt", opens with the Meditator reflecting on the number of falsehoods he has believed during his life and on the subsequent faultiness of the body of knowledge he has built up from these falsehoods. He has resolved to sweep away all he thinks he knows and to start again from the foundations, building up his knowledge once more on more certain grounds. He has seated himself alone, by the fire, free of all worries so that he can demolish his former opinions with care.The Meditator reasons that he need only find some reason to doubt his present opinions in order to prompt him to seek sturdier foundations for knowledge. Rather than doubt every one of his opinions individually, he reasons that he might cast them all into doubt if he can doubt the foundations and basic principles on which the opinions are founded.Everything that the Meditator has accepted as most true he has come to learn from or through his senses. He acknowledges that sometimes the senses can deceive, but only with respect to objects that are very small or far away, and that our sensory knowledge on the whole is quite sturdy. The Meditator acknowledges that insane people might be more deceived, but that he is clearly not one of them and needn't worry himself about that.However, the Meditator realizes that he is often convinced when he is dreaming that he is sensing real objects. He feels certain that he is awake and sitting by the fire, but reflects that often he has dreamed this very sort of thing and been wholly convinced by it. Though his present sensations may be dream images, he suggests that even dream images are drawn from waking experience, much like paintings in that respect. Even when a painter creates an imaginary creature, like a mermaid, the composite parts are drawn from real things--women and fish, in the case of a mermaid. And even when a painter creates something entirely new, at least the colors in the painting are drawn from real experience. Thus, the Meditator concludes, though he can doubt composite things, he cannot doubt the simple and universal parts from which they are constructed like shape, quantity, size, time, etc. While we can doubt studies based on composite things, like medicine, astronomy, or physics, he concludes that we cannot doubt studies based on simple things, like arithmetic and geometry.

Meditations I and II

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Les Méditations Métaphysiques de René Descartes, Touchant la Première Philosophie ... Nouvellement Divisées Par Articles

André Vergez

Christine Thubert

Le texte intégral de l'œuvre philosophique et un dossier pédagogique complet ! Le chef-d'œuvre de Descartes, où s'expriment harmonieusement la rigueur intellectuelle et la réflexion spirituelle. Contexte: Descartes rédige les Méditations quelques années après son célèbre Discours de la méthode, afin de développer précisément des points exprimés plus brièvement dans l'œuvre précédente. Il y poursuit ici encore l'exigence de la vérité, dans un siècle d'avancées scientifiques considérables. L'œuvre: Descartes expérimente ici ce qu'il avait théorisé dans son Discours de la méthode : le doute comme point de départ de toute réflexion. Il recherche la vérité en soulevant tout d'abord des questions en apparence simples : que suis-je ?, qu'est-ce qu'une chose qui pense ?... La méditation, exercice intellectuel auquel il se livre, vise à atteindre la vérité sur l'être. Les concepts clés: Les idées La volonté L'imagination La liberté Cogito... La collection Intégrales de philo, une approche complète et approfondie d'une œuvre essentielle Une œuvre commentée par des spécialistes Des dossiers autour de l'œuvre Plus de trente titres 4 périodes : Antiquité, Moyen Âge et Renaissance (Ve – XVIe s.), période moderne (XVIIe – XIXe s.), période contemporaine (XXe s.)

Intégrales de Philo - DESCARTES, Méditations métaphysiques

Geneviève Rodis-Lewis

Denis Huisman

Le texte intégral de l'œuvre philosophique et un dossier pédagogique complet ! Un brillant représentant de la révolution scientifique du XVIIe siècle dont il est contemporain. Contexte: Écrit en français, paru en 1637, le Discours de la méthode a pour but d'être le plus accessible possible, dans un siècle où la science connaît de nombreux bouleversements. L'œuvre: Le Discours de la méthode constitue la préface des Essais scientifiques de Descartes. C'est avec ce texte qu'il émet la célèbre phrase " Je pense donc je suis " (Cogito ergo sum). Descartes pose comme base de toute réflexion le doute méthodique, refusant tout argument d'autorité. Les concepts clés: Cogito Le doute La vérité La connaissance Les lois de la nature... La collection Intégrales de philo, une approche complète et approfondie d'une œuvre essentielle Une œuvre commentée par des spécialistes Des dossiers autour de l'œuvre Plus de trente titres 4 périodes : Antiquité, Moyen Âge et Renaissance (Ve – XVIe s.), période moderne (XVIIe – XIXe s.), période contemporaine (XXe s.)

Descartes

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