Diederik Aerts

Thomas Durt

Marek Czachor

During the last decade, scientists working in quantum theory have been engaging in promising new fields such as quantum computation and quantum information processing, and have also been reflecting on the possibilities of nonlinear behavior on the quantum level. These are challenging undertakings because (1) they will result in new solutions to important technical and practical problems that were unsolvable by the classical approaches (for example, quantum computers can calculate problems that are intractable if one uses classical computers); and (2) they open up new 'hard' problems of a fundamental nature that touch the foundation of quantum theory itself (for example, the contradiction between locality and nonlinearity and the interpretation of quantum computing as a universal process). In this book, one can distinguish two main streams of research to approach the just-mentioned problem field: (1) a theoretical structural part, which concentrates on the elaboration of a nonlinear quantum mechanics and the fundamentals of quantum computation; and (2) a theoretical experimental part, which focuses on the theoretical aspects of applications that arise from new technology and novel research perspectives such as quantum optics and quantum cryptography. Particular attention is also paid to the measurement problem, the classical limit and alternative interpretations (such as the hidden measurement approach). Contents:Probing the Structure of Quantum Mechanics (D Aerts et al.)The Linearity of Quantum Mechanics at Stake: The Description of Separated Quantum Entities (D Aerts & F Valckenborgh)Linearity and Compound Physical Systems: The Case of Two Separated Spin 1/2 Entities (D Aerts & F Valckenborgh)Being and Change: Foundations of a Realistic Operational Formalism (D Aerts)The Classical Limit of the Lattice-Theoretical Orthocomplementation in the Framework of the Hidden-Measurement Approach (T Durt & B D'Hooghe)State Property Systems and Closure Spaces: Extracting the Classical en Non-Classical Parts (D Aerts & D Deses)Hidden Measurements from Contextual Axiomatics (S Aerts)High Energy Approaches to Low Energy Phenomena in Astrophysics (S M Austin)Memory Effects in Atomic Interferometry: A Negative Result (T Durt et al.)Reality and Probability: Introducing a New Type of Probability Calculus (D Aerts)Quantum Computation: Towards the Construction of a ‘Between Quantum and Classical Computer’ (D Aerts & B D'Hooghe)Buckley-Siler Connectives for Quantum Logics of Fuzzy Sets (J Pykacz & B D'Hooghe)Some Notes on Aerts' Interpretation of the EPR-Paradox and the Violation of Bell-Inequalities (W Christiaens)Quantum Cryptographic Encryption in Three Complementary Bases Through a Mach-Zehnder Set Up (T Durt & B Nagler)Quantum Cryptography Without Quantum Uncertainties (T Durt)How to Construct Darboux-Invariant Equations of von Neumann Type (J L Cie(li(ski)Darboux-Integrable Equations with Non-Abelian Nonlinearities (N V Ustinov & M Czachor)Dressing Chain Equations Associated with Difference Soliton Systems (S Leble)Covariance Approach to the Free Photon Field (M Kuna & J Naudts) Readership: Graduate students, researchers and academics in quantum physics. Keywords:Quantum Mechanics;Quantum Computation;Quantum Information Processing

Probing the Structure of Quantum Mechanics

Nathalie Gontier

Jean Paul van Bendegem

For the first time in history, scholars working on language and culture from within an evolutionary epistemological framework, and thereby emphasizing complementary or deviating theories of the Modern Synthesis, were brought together. Of course there have been excellent conferences on Evolutionary Epistemology in the past, as well as numerous conferences on the topics of Language and Culture. However, until now these disciplines had not been brought together into one all-encompassing conference. Moreover, previously there never had been such stress on alternative and complementary theories of the Modern Synthesis. Today we know that natural selection and evolution are far from synonymous and that they do not explain isomorphic phenomena in the world. ‘Taking Darwin seriously’ is the way to go, but today the time has come to take alternative and complementary theories that developed after the Modern Synthesis, equally seriously, and, furthermore, to examine how language and culture can merit from these diverse disciplines. As this volume will make clear, a specific inter- and transdisciplinary approach is one of the next crucial steps that needs to be taken, if we ever want to unravel the secrets of phenomena such as language and culture.

A Non-Adaptationist, Systems Theoretical Approach

Evolutionary Epistemology, Language and Culture

J. van der Veken

Hubert Van Belle

This book considers philosophy to be more than mere reflection. Through philosophy, humankind can give meaning to the world. In part, this book re-evaluates the philosophy of Leo Apostel, who dedicated his life to the investigation of the use of philosophy in everyday life. But it is also a presentation of international research carried out along the lines of the worldviews project. The contributions address not only professional philosophers, but also students, teachers, academics and everyone interested in the relationship between philosophy and the world.

The Yellow Book of “Einstein Meets Magritte”

World Views and the Problem of Synthesis

Massimo Melucci

Andrei Khrennikov

Bourama Toni

Recent years have been characterized by tremendous advances in quantum information and communication, both theoretically and experimentally. In addition, mathematical methods of quantum information and quantum probability have begun spreading to other areas of research, beyond physics. One exciting new possibility involves applying these methods to information science and computer science (without direct relation to the problems of creation of quantum computers). The aim of this Special Volume is to encourage scientists, especially the new generation (master and PhD students), working in computer science and related mathematical fields to explore novel possibilities based on the mathematical formalisms of quantum information and probability. The contributing authors, who hail from various countries, combine extensive quantum methods expertise with real-world experience in application of these methods to computer science. The problems considered chiefly concern quantum information-probability based modeling in the following areas: information foraging; interactive quantum information access; deep convolutional neural networks; decision making; quantum dynamics; open quantum systems; and theory of contextual probability. The book offers young scientists (students, PhD, postdocs) an essential introduction to applying the mathematical apparatus of quantum theory to computer science, information retrieval, and information processes.

Quantum-Like Models for Information Retrieval and Decision-Making

Christian de Ronde

Hector Freytes

Sven Aerts

This book provides an interdisciplinary approach to one of the most fascinating and important open questions in science: What is quantum mechanics really talking about? In the last decades quantum mechanics has given rise to a new quantum technological era, a revolution taking place today especially within the field of quantum information processing; which goes from quantum teleportation and cryptography to quantum computation. Quantum theory is probably our best confirmed physical theory. However, in spite of its great empirical effectiveness it stands today still without a universally accepted physical representation that allows us to understand its relation to the world and reality. The novelty of the book comes from the multiple perspectives put forward by top researchers in quantum mechanics, from Europe as well as North and South America, discussing the meaning and structure of the theory of quanta. The book comprises in a balanced manner physical, philosophical, logical and mathematical approaches to quantum mechanics and quantum information. Going from quantum superpositions and entanglement to dynamics and the problem of identity; from quantum logic, computation and quasi-set theory to the category approach and teleportation; from realism and empiricism to operationalism and instrumentalism; the book considers from different angles some of the most intriguing questions in the field. From Buenos Aires to Brussels and Cagliari, from Florence to Florianópolis, the interaction between different groups is reflected in the many different articles. This book is interesting not only to the specialists but also to the general public attempting to get a grasp on some of the most fundamental questions of present quantum physics. Contents:On the Notion of Truth in Quantum Mechanics: A Category-Theoretic Standpoint (V Karakostas and E Zafiris)A Logical Account of Quantum Superpositions (D Krause and J R B Arenhart)Mixing Categories and Modal Logics in the Quantum Setting (G Cinà)Binary Gates in Three Valued Quantum Computational Logics (G Sergioli, A Ledda and R Giuntini)The GTR Model: A Universal Framework for Quantum-Like Measurements (D Aerts and M S de Bianchi)'Probabilistic Knowledge' as 'Objective Knowledge' in Quantum Mechanics: Potential Immanent Powers Instead of Actual Properties (C de Ronde)On When a Semantics is not a Good Semantics: The Algebraisation of Orthomodular Logic (T Kowalski, F Paoli and and R Giuntin)Von Neumann, Empiricism and the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (O Bueno)The Born Rule and Free Will: Why Libertarian Agent-Causal Free Will is Not "Antiscientific" (R E Kastner)Fuzzy Approach for CNOT Gate in Quantum Computation with Mixed States (G Sergioli and H Freytes)A Modal Logic of Indiscernibility (D Krause, J R B Arenhart and P Merlussi)The Possibility of a New Metaphysics for Quantum Mechanics from Meinong's Theory of Objects (M Graffigna)Entanglement of Formation for Werner States and Isotropic States via Logical Gates (C Bertini, M L D Chiara and R Leporini)Time, Chance and Quantum Theory (A Sudbery)A Topos Theoretic Framework for Paraconsistent Quantum Theory (B Eva)A Possible Solution to the Second Entanglement Paradox (D Aerts and M S de Bianchi) Readership: University students and researchers interested in the foundation of quantum mechanics.

Superpositions, Dynamics, Semantics and Identity

Probing the Meaning of Quantum Mechanics

Bart D'Hooghe

Rik Pinxten

This volume is part of the ?Worldviews, Science and Us? series of proceedings and contains several contributions on the subject of worlds, cultures and society. It represents the proceedings of several workshops and discussion panels organized by the Leo Apostel Center for Interdisciplinary studies within the framework of the ?Research on the Construction of Integrating Worldviews? research community set up by the Flanders Fund for Scientific Research, over the period of time between 2005 to 2010. Further information about this research community and a full list of the associated international research centers can be found at http: //www.vub.ac.be/CLEA/res/worldviews/

Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Worlds, Cultures and Society: Leo Apostel Center, Brussels Free University, August 2009; July 2007, September 2010

Worldviews, Science and Us

Jan Broekaert

Nicole Note

The present volume is part of the ‘Worldviews, Science and Us’ series of proceedings. It contains selected contributions on the subject of bridging knowledge and its implications for our perspectives of the world. This volume also represents the proceedings of the interdisciplinary stream of the international workshop (Part 1) Times of Entanglement, 21–22 September 2010 at the Minsheng Art Museum in Shanghai, People's Republic of China in the context of the Shanghai World Expo 2010 and, related cutting-edge investigations in the quantum paradigm from discussion panels organized by the Leo Apostel Center for Interdisciplinary studies within the framework of the ‘Research on the Construction of Integrating Worldviews’ research community set up by the Flanders Fund for Scientific Research. Further information about this research community and a full list of the associated international research centers can be found at http://www.vub.ac.be/CLEA/res/worldviews/. Contents:Interdisciplinarity and Bridging Knowledge (Diederik Aerts, Jan Broekaert, Bart D'Hooghe and Nicole Note)What About Interdisciplinarity Within Philosophy? (Robrecht Vanderbeeken)History and Philosophy of Science: From Peaceful Coexistence to Golden Age of Interdisciplinarity? (Steffen Ducheyne)Can an Understanding of How Culture Evolves Awaken a Sense of Meaning in Life? (Liane Gabora)An Interdisciplinary Focus on the Concept of Causation: What Philosophy Can Learn from Psychology (Leen De Vreese)Refocusing Undecidability: Questioning the Use of the Notion of Formal Undecidability in Other Domains (Liesbeth De Mol)Can Economics Become a Purely Experimental Science? A Comparative Study (Erik Weber)Metaphysics and Cinema (Wim Christiaens)On the Role of Contextuality in the Integration of Worldviews (Bart D'Hooghe)Quantum Interference and Superposition in Cognition: A Theory for the Disjunction of Concepts (Diederik Aerts)Compatibility and Separability for Classical and Quantum Entanglement (Diederik Aerts, Christian de Ronde and Bart D'Hooghe)Quantum Programming (Ellie D'Hondt)On the Foundations of the Theory of Evolution (Diederik Aerts, Stan Bundervoet and Bart D'Hooghe)Quantum Structure in Economics: Risk Versus Ambiguity (Diederik Aerts, Jan Broekaert, Bart D'Hooghe and Sandro Sozzo)Measuring Meaning on the World-Wide Web (Diederik Aerts)Potentiality States: Quantum versus Classical Emergence (Diederik Aerts and Bart D'Hooghe)The Bodily Excess of a Worldview: Beyond a Theoretical Account of the World (Pieter Meurs)My Heart Will Go On: The Cybernetics of Organ Harvesting, Donor (Im)Mortality and the Politics of the Non-Self (Karen De Looze) Readership: Professionals, students and general public. Keywords:Worldviews;Interdisciplinarity;Entanglement;Quantum;CreativityKey Features:The participating scholars give an up-to-date and enlightening vision on the foundations, necessity and problems of the interdisciplinary approach to worldviewsThe book gives accessible expert accounts of the newly emerging field of quantum modeling in social sciencesAll contributions are new, especially written to fit the context of ‘Interdisciplinarity and Bridging Knowledge’

Bridging Knowledge and Its Implications for Our Perspectives of the World

The present volume is part of the ‘Worldviews, Science and Us’ series of proceedings. It contains selected contributions on the subject of bridging knowledge and its implications for our perspectives of the world. This volume also represents the proceedings of the interdisciplinary stream of the international workshop (Part 1) Times of Entanglement, 21–22 September 2010 at the Minsheng Art Museum in Shanghai, People's Republic of China in the context of the Shanghai World Expo 2010 and, related cutting-edge investigations in the quantum paradigm from discussion panels organized by the Leo Apostel Center for Interdisciplinary studies within the framework of the ‘Research on the Construction of Integrating Worldviews’ research community set up by the Flanders Fund for Scientific Research. Further information about this research community and a full list of the associated international research centers can be found at http: //www.vub.ac.be/CLEA/res/worldviews/.

Bridging Knowledge and Its Implications for Our Perspectives of the World : Proceedings of the Workshop on Times of Entanglement, Minsheng Art Museum, Shanghai, 21-22 September 2010

Sandro Sozzo

Liane Gabora

Traditional approaches to cognitive psychology correspond with a classical view of logic and probability theory. More specifically, one typically assumes that cognitive processes of human thought are founded on the Boolean structures of classical logic, while the probabilistic aspects of these processes are based on the Kolmogorovian structures of classical probability theory. However, growing experimental evidence indicates that the models founded on classical structures systematically fail when human decisions are at stake. These experimental deviations from classical behavior have been called `paradoxes’, `fallacies’, `effects’ or `contradictions’, depending on the specific situation where they appear. But, they involve a broad spectrum of cognitive and social science domains, ranging from conceptual combination to decision making under uncertainty, behavioral economics, and linguistics. This situation has constituted a serious drawback to the development of various disciplines, like cognitive science, linguistics, artificial intelligence, economic modeling and behavioral finance. A different approach to cognitive psychology, initiated two decades ago, has meanwhile matured into a new domain of research, called ‘quantum cognition’. Its main feature is the use of the mathematical formalism of quantum theory as modeling tool for these cognitive situations where traditional classically based approaches fail. Quantum cognition has recently attracted the interest of important journals and editing houses, academic and funding institutions, popular science and media. Specifically, within a quantum cognition approach, one assumes that human decisions do not necessarily obey the rules of Boolean logic and Kolmogorovian probability, and can on the contrary be modeled by the quantum-mechanical formalism. Different concrete quantum-theoretic models have meanwhile been developed that successfully represent the cognitive situations that are classically problematical, by explaining observed deviations from classicality in terms of genuine quantum effects, such as `contextuality’, `emergence’, `interference’, `superposition’, `entanglement’ and `indistinguishability’. In addition, the validity of these quantum models is convincingly confirmed by new experimental tests. We also stress that, since the use of a quantum-theoretic framework is mainly for modeling purposes, the identification of quantum structures in cognitive processes does not presuppose (without being incompatible with it) the existence of microscopic quantum processes in the human brain. In this Research Topic, we review the major achievements that have been obtained in quantum cognition, by providing an accurate picture of the state-of-the-art of this emerging discipline. Our overview does not pretend to be either complete or exhaustive. But, we aim to introduce psychologists and social scientists to this challenging new research area, encouraging them, at the same time, to consider its promising results. It is our opinion that, if continuous progress in this domain can be realized, quantum cognition can constitute an important breakthrough in cognitive psychology, and potentially open the way towards a new scientific paradigm in social science.

Quantum Structures in Cognitive and Social Science

This publication features an interdisciplinary group of contributors which questions aspects of today's worldviews and science that are often taken for granted and tacitly determine the boundaries of what is generally conceived of as the 'world' and 'science'. Some authors stress that existing demarcations are obsolete and often prevent new insights. Others show how they influence the way people perceive themselves and believe the world ontologically to be, determining people's actions and the social fabric. There are yet others who point out how a redemarcation may stimulate the development of knowledge acquisition and social well-being. Examples of how bridging knowledge between different fields leads to new crucial insights, while identifying the pattern of too strict a demarcation preventing such insights, are also analyzed in this volume. Contents:Worldviews, Science and Us, Global Perspectives (D Aerts et al.)Arguments in Favour of Inclusive Science (I Maso)Inclusive Worldviews: Interdisciplinary Research from a Radical Constructivist Perspective (A Riegler)The Chatton–Ockham Strategy — An Alternative to the Simplicity Principle (A Smaling)The Intrinsic Multiplicity of Science: Its Internal and External Confrontations — An Essay (J Broekaert)To Know or Not to Know, One Way or Another (R Oldeman)A Naturalistic and Critical View of Social Sciences and the Humanities (H Pinxten & N Note)Sciences and Knowledge Practices: Their Culture-Specific Wellsprings (R Devisch)On High and Low Styles in Philosophy, or, Towards a Rehabilitation of the Ideal (K van der Wal)Towards a Re-Delineation of the Human Self-Understanding within the Western Worldview: Its Social and Ethical Implications (N Note et al.)Towards a New Democracy: Consensus Through Quantum Parliament (D Aerts)Necessity of Combining Mutually Incompatible Perspectives in the Construction of a Global View: Quantum Probability and Signal Analysis (S Aerts et al.) Readership: Graduate students and academics in philosophy, social sciences, political sciences, physics and education. Keywords:Worldviews;Science;Society;Demarcation;Human Self;Interdisciplinarity;Transdisciplinarity;Inclusive Science;Fragmentation;IntegrationKey Features:Its highly original but for actual and future global society very important subject matterIts truly interdisciplinary characterThis book can stimulate the discussion on the foundations of science for each scientific discipline apartThe content of the book contributes in a essential way to the growth and integration of actual human worldviews

Maria Luisa Dalla Chiara

Décio Krause

This book provides an interdisciplinary perspective on one of the most fascinating and important open questions in science: What is quantum mechanics talking about? Quantum theory is perhaps our best confirmed physical theory. However, despite its great empirical effectiveness and the subsequent technological developments that it gave rise to in the 20th century, from the interpretation of the periodic table of elements to CD players, holograms and quantum state teleportation, it stands even today without a universally accepted interpretation. The novelty of the book comes from the multiple viewpoints and subjects investigated by a group of researchers from Europe and North and South America.

Information, Contextuality, Relationalism and EntanglementProceedings of the II International Workshop on Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Information. Physical, Philosophical and Logical Approaches

Willy Weyns

A World in Transition, Humankind and Nature is appropriately entitled after its aim for an intrinsic property of reality: change. Of major concern, in this era of transformation, is the extensive and profound interaction of humankind with nature. The global-scale social and technological project of humankind definitely involves a myriad of changes of the ecosphere. This book develops, from the call for an interdisciplinary synthesis and respect of plurality, acknowledging the evolving scientific truth, to the need for an integrated but inevitably provisional worldview. Contributors from different parts of the world focus on four modes of change: (i) Social change and the individual condition, (ii) Complex evolution and fundamental emergent transformations, (iii) Ecological transformation and responsibility inquiries, (iv) The economic-ecological and socio-technical equilibria. Primarily concerned with the deep transformations of humankind and of the relationship between humans and nature, it is addressed to a broad and thinking public that wants to be kept informed.

Diederik Aerts

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