Donald A. Schon

How Professionals Think in Action (Arena)

The Reflective Practitioner

A leading M.I.T. social scientist and consultant examines five professions—engineering, architecture, management, psychotherapy, and town planning—to show how professionals really go about solving problems.

How Professionals Think In Action

Toward a New Design for Teaching and Learning in the Professions

Educating the Reflective Practitioner

Why are controversies about such issues as abortion, welfare, persistent poverty, and environmental destruction so intractable? As anyone who has ever engaged in or tried to settle an argument on highly charged issues knows, facts rarely persuade in such situations. This innovative approach to intractable policy controversies shows how "reframing" the issues can succeed where simply appealing to facts often fails. In Frame Reflection, two of his country's leading organizational theorists and policy analysts show how disputes that in abstract debate or negotiation seem insoluble can sometimes be resolved pragmatically by those who actually have to design and implement the specific programs. The authors illustrate their theory through a detailed examination of three specific programs: the evolution of early retirement programs in Germany; a statewide project for the homeless in Massachusetts; and the development of Project Athena, a large-scale experiment in the use of computers in undergraduate education at MIT. Policy stalemates are inevitable. Yet we know that people sometimes do change their minds, even in situations that at first appeared hopeless. How that happens is the subject of this pathbreaking book.

Toward the Resolution of Intractrable Policy Controversies

Frame Reflection

Chris Argyris

"This book is a landmark in two fields. It is a practical guide to the reform of professional education. It is also a beacon to theoretical thinking about human organizations, about their interdepAndence with the social structure of the professions, and about theory in practice." -- Journal of Higher Education

Increasing Professional Effectiveness

Theory in Practice

Building on the concepts of professional competence that he introduced in his classic The Reflective Practitioner, Schon offers an approach for educating professional in all areas that will prepare them to handle the complex and unpredictable problems of actual practice with confidence, skill, and care.

William L. Porter

Turid Horgen

Michael L. Joroff

Based on a research project by the Space Organization Research Group, this text explores how to impact work processes through workspace. It takes a strategic look at how people work and how organizations evolve organically, blending workstyle, process and workspace.

Donald A. Schon

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