Elyn R. Saks

My Journey Through Madness

The Center Cannot Hold

A much-praised memoir of living and surviving mental illness as well as "a stereotype-shattering look at a tenacious woman whose brain is her best friend and her worst enemy" (Time). Elyn R. Saks is an esteemed professor, lawyer, and psychiatrist and is the Orrin B. Evans Professor of Law, Psychology, Psychiatry, and the Behavioral Sciences at the University of Southern California Law School, yet she has suffered from schizophrenia for most of her life, and still has ongoing major episodes of the illness. The Center Cannot Hold is the eloquent, moving story of Elyn's life, from the first time that she heard voices speaking to her as a young teenager, to attempted suicides in college, through learning to live on her own as an adult in an often terrifying world. Saks discusses frankly the paranoia, the inability to tell imaginary fears from real ones, the voices in her head telling her to kill herself (and to harm others), as well as the incredibly difficult obstacles she overcame to become a highly respected professional. This beautifully written memoir is destined to become a classic in its genre.

Stephen H. Behnke

The idea that multiple personalities can exist within the same body has long captured the Western imagination. From Three Faces of Eve to Sybil, from Pyscho to Raising Caine, from 60 Minutes to Oprah to One Life to Live, we are captivated by the fate of multiples who, divided against themselves, wreak havoc in the lives of others. Why do we find multiple personality disorder (MPD) so fascinating? Perhaps because each of us is aware of a dividedness within ourselves: we often feel as if we are one person on the job, another with our families, another with our friends and lovers. We may fantasize that these inner discrepancies will someday break free, that within us lie other personalities--genius, lover, criminal--that will take us over and render us strangers to our very selves. What happens when such a transformation literally occurs, when an alter personality surfaces and commits some heinous deed? What do we do when a Billy Milligan is arrested for a series of rapes and robberies, of which the original personality, Billy, is utterly oblivious? What happens when a Juanita Maxwell, taken over by her alter personality, Wanda, becomes enraged and commits a murder which would horrify Juanita? Who really committed these deeds? Are alter personalities people? Are they centers of consciousness which are akin to people? Mere parts of a deeply divided person? Who should held accountable for the crimes? Which is more appropriate--punishment or treatment? In Jekyll on Trial, Elyn R. Saks carefully delineates how MPD forces us to re-examine our central concepts of personhood, responsibility, and punishment. Drawing on law, psychiatry, and philosophy, Saks explores the nature of alter personalities, and shows how different conceptualizations bear on criminal responsibility. A wide-ranging and deeply informed book, Jekyll on Trial is must reading for anyone interested in law, criminal justice, psychiatry, or human behavior.

Multiple Personality Disorder and Criminal Law

Jekyll on Trial

povestea nebuniei mele

Centrul nu se mai poate susţine

Una malattia mentale come la schizofrenia, raccontata in prima persona da una paziente eccellente: una studiosa di filosofia che è diventata - proprio grazie alla sua malattia - docente di psichiatria all'Università della California. Un racconto denso e toccante, dove il dolore si tinge di ironia, passione e intelligenza. Un castello di sabbia è l'autobiografia di Elyn Saks: le sue rotture psicotiche, i ricoveri, le regressioni, i suoi rapporti di amore e di amicizia, le sue conquiste come donna e come accademica. Cresciuta a Miami negli anni Cinquanta, in una famiglia normale e premurosa, intorno agli otto anni Elyn comincia a sentirsi "come un castello di sabbia con tutta la sabbia che si sta sgretolando sotto le onde... La consapevolezza a poco a poco perde la sua coerenza. Visioni, suoni, pensieri e sentimenti non vanno più insieme. Non c'è più un principio organizzativo che prenda i momenti che si succedono nel tempo e li organizzi in una forma coerente da cui trarre un senso". E con l'adolescenza, le cose peggiorano: "La schizofrenia arriva come una lenta nebbia, che diventa impercettibilmente sempre più fitta con il passare del tempo". È l'inizio di una battaglia lunga e difficile per tenere a bada i suoi demoni e i suoi incubi. Una battaglia che Elyn Saks è determinata a vincere: studia filosofia, psicologia e legge, si laurea prima a Oxford e poi a Yale: grazie alla sua determinazione e alla sua incrollabile forza di volontà, la sua malattia diventa una opportunità, uno stimolo ad allargare i propri orizzonti di conoscenza e ad aprirsi verso il mondo. E oggi, Elyn Saks è convinta che, un giorno, il suo successo sarà anche quello di quanti soffrono come ha sofferto lei.

Un castello di sabbia. Storie della mia vita e della mia schizofrenia

It has been said that how a society treats its least well-off members speaks volumes about its humanity. If so, our treatment of the mentally ill suggests that American society is inhumane: swinging between overintervention and utter neglect, we sometimes force extreme treatments on those who do not want them, and at other times discharge mentally ill patients who do want treatment without providing adequate resources for their care in the community. Focusing on overinterventionist approaches, Refusing Care explores when, if ever, the mentally ill should be treated against their will. Basing her analysis on case and empirical studies, Elyn R. Saks explores dilemmas raised by forced treatment in three contexts—civil commitment (forced hospitalization for noncriminals), medication, and seclusion and restraints. Saks argues that the best way to solve each of these dilemmas is, paradoxically, to be both more protective of individual autonomy and more paternalistic than current law calls for. For instance, while Saks advocates relaxing the standards for first commitment after a psychotic episode, she also would prohibit extreme mechanical restraints (such as tying someone spread-eagled to a bed). Finally, because of the often extreme prejudice against the mentally ill in American society, Saks proposes standards that, as much as possible, should apply equally to non-mentally ill and mentally ill people alike. Mental health professionals, lawyers, disability rights activists, and anyone who wants to learn more about the way the mentally ill are treated—and ought to be treated—in the United States should read Refusing Care.

Forced Treatment and the Rights of the Mentally Ill

Refusing Care

Psychoanalytic interpretation, according to the hermeneutic view, is concerned with meaning rather than facts or causes. In this provocative book, Elyn R. Saks focuses closely on what hermeneutic psychoanalysis is and how the approaches of hermeneutic psychoanalysts differ. She finds that although these psychoanalysts use the same words, concepts, images, and analogies, they hold to at least five different positions on the truth of psychoanalytic interpretations. Saks locates within these five models the thought of such prominent analysts as Roy Schafer, Donald Spence, and George Klein. Then, approaching each model from the patient’s point of view, the author reaches important conclusions about treatments that patients not only will-but should-reject.If patients understood the true nature of the various models of hermeneutic psychoanalysis, Saks argues, they would spurn the story model, which asks patients to believe interpretations that do not purport to be true; that is, the psychoanalyst simply tells stories that give meaning to patients’ lives, the truth of which is not considered relevant. And patients would question the metaphor and the interpretations-as-literary-criticism models, which propose views of psychoanalysis that may be unsatisfying. In addition to discussing which hermeneutic models of treatment are plausible, Saks discusses the nature of metaphorical truth. She arrives at some penetrating insights into the theory of psychoanalysis itself.

Elyn R. Saks

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