Newberry Library

Emilio Aguinaldo

Philippines. Gobierno revolucionario. President (1898 : Aguinaldo)

Philippines. Military governor (1898-1900 : Otis)

Edward E. Ayer Manuscript Collection (Newberry Library)

Letter, dated Nov. 18, 1898, from Emilio Aguinaldo, president of the First Philippine Republic, to Major General Elwell S. Otis, commander of the American occupation forces in Manila, and second military governor of the Philippines after the war with Spain, in which Aguinaldo justifies holding Spanish civil servants and clergy as prisoners of war. Aguinaldo defends his decision by pointing out that these very people took an active military role in trying to defeat the Philippine revolutionaries, even taking up arms against them. Even the clergy abandoned their ministry, and became willing servants of the Spanish government, often participating in vile denunciations of innocent Philippine citizens. He cites as examples the involvement of the parish priest of Lipa in Batangas province as head of a volunteer militia, and the priests of Manila who formed a well-armed and active military company to fight the rebels. Convents were used to shelter Spanish troops and to store weapons. Aguinaldo justifies his actions with references to the works of Fiore, Martens, Bluntschli, and the Geneva Convention; and invokes the internationally accepted right of reprisal--used by Gen. Washington in the American Revolution and the Germans in 1870--as a means of forcing the enemy to comply with its obligations. Aguinaldo is holding these prisoners of war to insure freedom for the many imprisoned and exiled Philippinos and to force the Vatican to recognize the secular rights of the Philippine clergy.

Malolos, to Major General S.E. Otiz [i.e. E.S. Otis], Manila

Letter

Excerpt from A Second Look at America Pacis learned his politics under two of the outstanding American teachers of the mid-twenties - Professors John W. Garner of Illinois and Frederic Ogg of Wisconsin. Having taken Journalism as his major in college and making Sigma Delta Chi, however, he devoted his first twenty professional years to working for the Associated Press in Washington, D. C. And editing dailies and magazines in Manila. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

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