Helen Graham

This Very Short Introduction offers a powerfully-written explanation of the Spanish Civil war's complex origins and course, and explores its impact on a personal and international scale. It examines Spanish participation in European resistance movements during World War II and also the ongoing civil war waged politically, economically, judicially and culturally inside Spain by Francoism after its military victory in 1939. During this time, history writing itself became a battleground, and the book charts the Franco regime's attempt to appropriate the past. Graham has provided an ethical reflection on the war in the context of Europe's tumultuous twentieth century, highlighting why it has inspired some of the greatest writers of our time, and how the effects of this regime continue to resonate today in Britain, continental Europe, and beyond.

The Spanish Civil War: A Very Short Introduction

Gregory Vlamis

Bach Flower Remedies for Animals

This Very Short Introduction offers a powerfully-written explanation of the war's complex origins and course, and explores its impact on a personal and international scale. It also provides an ethical reflection on the war in the context of Europe's tumultuous twentieth century, highlighting why it has inspired some of the greatest writers of our time, and how it continues to resonate today in Britain, continental Europe, and beyond. Throughout the book, the focus is on the war as an arena of social change where ideas about culture were forged or resisted, and in which both Spaniards and non-Spaniards participated alike. These were conflicts that during the Second World War would stretch from Franco's regime, which envisaged itself as part of the Nazi new order, to Europe and beyond. Accordingly, this book examines Spanish participation in European resistance movements during World War II and also the ongoing civil war waged politically, economically, judicially and culturally inside Spain by Francoism after its military victory in 1939. History writing itself became a battleground and the book charts the Franco regime's attempt to appropriate the past. It also indicates its ultimate failure - as evident in new writings on the war and, above all, in the return of Republican memory now occurring in Spain during the opening years of the twenty-first century. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

Helen Graham here brings together leading historians of international renown to examine 20th-century Spain in light of Franco's dictatorship and its legacy. Interrogating Francoism uses a three-part structure to look at the old regime, the civil war and the forging of Francoism; the nature of Franco's dictatorship; and the 'history wars' that have since taken place over his legacy. Social, political, economic and cultural historical approaches are integrated throughout and 'top down' political analysis is incorporated along with 'bottom up' social perspectives. The book places Spain and Francoism in comparative European context and explores the relationship between the historical debates and present-day political and ideological controversies in Spain. In part a tribute to Paul Preston, the foremost historian of contemporary Spain today, Interrogating Francoism includes an interview with Professor Preston and a comprehensive bibliography of his work, as well as extensive further readings in English. It is a crucial volume for all students of 20th-century Spain.

History and Dictatorship in Twentieth-Century Spain

Interrogating Francoism

Across the continent, Hitler's war of territorial expansion after 1938 detonated myriad "irregular wars, of culture as well as of politics, which took on a "cleansing" intransigence as those driving them sought to make "homogeneous" communities, whether ethnic, political, or religious. So much of this was prefigured with primal intensity in Spain in 1936, where, on 17-18 July, a group of army officers rebelled against the socially reforming Republic. Saved from almost certain failure by Nazi and Fascist military intervention, and by a British inaction amounting to complicity, these army rebels unleashed a conflict in which civilians became the targets of mass killing. The new military authorities authorized and presided over an extermination of those sectors associated with Republican change--especially those who symbolized cultural change and thus posed a threat to old ways of being and thinking: progressive teachers, self-educated workers, "new" women.

Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

The War and Its Shadow

Animals / Mind Body Spirit Millions of family pets, often otherwise physically fit and healthy, are put to death every year to give human companions peace and rest from their incontinence, unruliness, excessive noisiness, aggression, possessiveness, destructiveness or other inconvenience. A behavior problem often becomes a ‘terminal disease’. Indeed euthanasia for behavior problems is the main cause of death in young animals, and many people regard it as a treatment. The high cost of veterinary attention also results in many animals being discarded or neglected by their owners. The consequent price of animal suffering, and cost of human regrets and need for welfare services, are incalculable.They are also avoidable. Correcting the behavior problem often saves an animal’s life as effectively as surgery or other medical procedures, and greatly reduces the suffering of all concerned. It does not require expensive behavior therapy or extensive behavior modification on the part of the owner. It can be brought about in many cases quite simply and inexpensively through the use of flower essences. This book offers descriptions of each of the 38 Bach Flower Remedies, and their application to the treatment of a range of domestic animals, including horses and farm, wild and zoo animals. It also describes diagnostic symptoms, animal by animal, together with appropriate treatment regimens, illustrated with case material obtained from veterinarians, animal behavior specialists and health practitioners. Other important and helpful areas discussed are: • emotions in animals and their influence on behavior • the emotional bond between animals and humans • the pros and cons of thinking of animals in human terms • the principles of flower remedies and their suitability for usein the treatment of animals. Helen Graham was a Lecturer at Keele University, England, and is the author of several books on psychology and complementary medicine. She breeds Salukis, and lives in rural France with her husband. Gregory Vlamis is a researcher and author of bestseller Bach Flower Remedies to the Rescue. He has been researching the life and work of Dr. Edward Bach since the early 1970s, and divides his time between the USA and Greece.

University Lecturer Department of History Helen Graham

Graham Helen

This book recovers the lost history of Spanish socialism during the turbulent years of the Civil War (1936-39). Just as the energy of the socialist movement had sustained the pre-war Second Republic as an experiment in reform, so too it underwrote the Republican war effort in the crucial years of the conflict which would determine Spain's long-term future. Leading Socialist Party (PSOE) cadres formed the bedrock of the government, while thousands of Party and union militants helped bear the tremendous weight of the war effort. The role of the PSOE in the construction of Republican political unity during the Civil War was pivotal. Yet, paradoxically, previous accounts of wartime Republican politics have virtually written the PSOE out of the script by concentrating exclusively on the fierce ideological dispute between anarchists and communists. But the key issues of revolution and State power marked all the forces in Republican Spain, none more so than the Socialist movement. As the traditional party of the working class and the only mass party in Spain as late as 1931, PSOE militants were to be found on both sides of the revolutionary/reformist divide which split fatally the Republican forces during the Civil War. The PSOE's disintegration was a function of that of the Republic itself; but the reverse was no less true. The book investigates the responses of organised socialism to the complex issues raised by the conflict, as it charts the PSOE's devastating experience of political power and desperate crisis in a war it could not win.

The Spanish Socialist Party in Power and Crisis, 1936-1939

Socialism and War

These visualization techniques teach you how to discover your personal symbolism; highlight the attitudes and behaviors that predispose you to certain illnesses; gain insight into and access the healing energies of your body; tune into early warning signs of illness and prevent it at the outset.

Healing with the Imagination

Magic Shop

The Magic Shop

A new, comprehensive analysis of the Spanish left during the civil war of 1936–9.

The Spanish Republic at War 1936-1939

This work adopts an interdisciplinary approach in its study of 20th-century Spanish culture and society, emphasizing contemporary developments. The contributors take into account major recent changes which have taken place in the context of higher education Spanish studies.

Helen Graham

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