Hua Zhang

Roger Greatrex

An Annotated Translation

The Bowu Zhi

Wei Liu

Wei Shi

Aiwen Lei

Chao Liu

Chuan He

The first handbook on this emerging field provides a comprehensive overview of transition metal-catalyzed coupling reactions in the presence of an oxidant. Following an introduction to the general concept and mechanism of this reaction class, the team of authors presents chapters on C-C cross-coupling reactions using organometallic partners, C-Heteroatom bond forming reactions via oxidative couplings, and C-H couplings via C-H activation. The text also covers such groundbreaking topics as recent achievements in the fields of C-C and C-X bond formation reactions as well as C-H activation involving oxidative couplings. With its novel and concise approach towards important building blocks in organic chemistry and its focus on synthetic applications, this handbook is of great interest to all synthetic chemists in academia and industry alike.

Oxidative Cross-Coupling Reactions

Jianping Wang

Chronic administration of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha, a type of I IFN) as an anti-viral or anti-cancer therapy in humans has frequently been found to result in severe psychiatric side effects, especially anxiety and depression. Type I IFN has also been implicated in neuropsychiatric dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Nevertheless, the role of type I IFN signaling in regulation of emotional behaviors is poorly defined because of limited access to the human brain. In this regard, behavioral impact of direct IFN-alpha treatment on animals remains highly controversial. The overall hypothesis tested is that the activation of type I IFN signaling directly contributes to emotional behavior dysfunction. First, behavioral evaluation in the mice with central nervous system (CNS)-targeted expression of IFN-alpha transgene revealed unaltered anxiety or depression profile. Second, using lupus-prone female NZBWF1 and NZB mice as animal models of human SLE, we demonstrated that (i) lupus-prone mice displayed anxiety-like behavior, and such behavioral dysfunction is correlated with their serum anti-nuclear autoantibody levels; (ii) repeated IFN-alpha treatment aggravated the anxiety-like behavior in lupus-prone NZBWF1 mice, but not that in the control NZW mice; and (iii) molecular dissection identified a significantly enhanced expression of interferon-stimulated genes in both brain and kidney in NZBWF1 mice compared with control NZW mice in response to repeated IFN-alpha treatment. Finally, ablation of type I IFN receptor did not reduce the anxiety-like behavior in autoimmune NZB female mice; however, such disruption of type I IFN signaling significantly attenuated the lupus-like kidney disease and splenomegaly in these mice. In conclusion, these findings indicated that up-regulated type I IFN signaling contribute to the behavioral dysfunction associated with autoimmune disease. However, activation of type I IFN signaling alone is not sufficient in inducing behavioral abnormality, suggesting that other factors are required for the development of IFN-alpha-triggered behavioral dysfunction in lupus-prone mice. The interactions between type I IFN and those uncharacterized contributing factors in the development of psychopathology following chronic INF-alpha treatment remain to be defined. Together, our studies demonstrate the complexity of type I IFN in behavioral regulation and provide new information regarding the CNS actions of type I IFN signaling.

Type I Interferon Signaling and Emotional Behavior Regulation

Viral protein U (Vpu) is an 81-residue membrane protein encoded by HIV-1. It has two distinct domains, a hydrophobic transmembrane domain, which has been well studied, and a cytoplasmic helical domain with two conserved phosphorylation sites, which has proven to be more difficult to study in large part because of its dynamics. The two domains are associated with different biological activities that contribute to the pathogenicity of HIV-1 infections in humans. Vpu removes CD4 receptor from ER and causes its subsequent degradation to enhance viral infectivity. Vpu enhances release of newly formed virus particles from infected cells by antagonize human immune restriction factor BST-2. Recently, Vpu has also been discovered to interact with NK cell receptor NK-cell, T-cell and B-cell antigen (NTB-A) to induce down-modulation of NTB-A, and prevent HIV-Infected cells from degranulation and lysis by NK cells. A combination of solution and solid-state NMR experiments are used to determine the structure of cytoplasmic domain (VpuCyto) and full-length of Vpu in micelles and liposomes environment. Both constructs have a U-shape cytoplasmic domain that associated with the lipid environment. The second section describes the membrane anchoring property of W76 in the C-terminus of Vpu. Biological study found that W76 is specifically important for the enhancement of virion release, and NMR data suggests that W76 might function by interacting directly with the lipid bilayer. Significant intensity change and chemical shift perturbation were observed for W76 upon addition of liposomes to VpuCyto; in addition, paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) indicates that the residue is embedded in the interior of micelles. The last section describes the interaction between transmembrane domains of Vpu and NTB-A base on a combination of biological, NMR spectroscopic and computational methods. The knowledge about the transmembrane domain of Vpu (VpuTM) enables detailed studies of its interactions with NTB-A. NMR spectral changes demonstrate that specific residues in VpuTM interact with specific residues in the transmembrane domains of NTB-A. A model of the complex is generated by docking, with the input of interaction faces base on NMR and biological results.

Functional and Structural Study of Vpu from HIV-1 by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Yuting Zhang

Chengbo Huang

Yanxing Yuan

Lili Cheng

This book explores key techniques and methods in electromagnetic compatibility management, analysis, design, improvement and test verification for spacecraft. The first part introduces the general EMC technology of spacecraft, the electromagnetic interference control method and management of electromagnetic compatibility. The second part discusses the EMC prediction analysis technique and its application in spacecraft, while the third presents the EMC design of spacecraft modules and typical equipment. The final two parts address spacecraft magnetic design testing technologies and spacecraft testing technologies. The book also covers the program control test process, the special power control unit (PCU), electric propulsion, PIM test and multipaction testing for spacecraft, making it a valuable resource for researchers and engineers alike.

Spacecraft Electromagnetic Compatibility Technologies

Hua Zhang

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