Joe Zhu

This handbook represents a milestone in the progression of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Written by experts who are often major contributors to DEA theory, it includes a collection of chapters that represent the current state-of-the-art in DEA research. Topics include distance functions and their value duals, cross-efficiency measures in DEA, integer DEA, weight restrictions and production trade-offs, facet analysis in DEA, scale elasticity, benchmarking and context-dependent DEA, fuzzy DEA, non-homogenous units, partial input-output relations, super efficiency, treatment of undesirable measures, translation invariance, stochastic nonparametric envelopment of data, and global frontier index. Focusing only on new models/approaches of DEA, the book includes contributions from Juan Aparicio, Mette Asmild, Yao Chen, Wade D. Cook, Juan Du, Rolf Färe, Julie Harrison, Raha Imanirad, Andrew Johnson, Chiang Kao, Abolfazl Keshvari, Timo Kuosmanen, Sungmook Lim, Wenbin Liu, Dimitri Margaritis, Reza Kazemi Matin, Ole B. Olesen, Jesus T. Pastor, Niels Chr. Petersen, Victor V. Podinovski, Paul Rouse, Antti Saastamoinen, Biresh K. Sahoo, Kaoru Tone, and Zhongbao Zhou.

A Handbook of Models and Methods

Data Envelopment Analysis

Shiuh-Nan Hwang

Hsuan-Shih Lee

This handbook focuses on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) applications in operations analytics which are fundamental tools and techniques for improving operation functions and attaining long-term competitiveness. In fact, the handbook demonstrates that DEA can be viewed as Data Envelopment Analytics. Chapters include a review of cross-efficiency evaluation; a case study on measuring the environmental performance of OECS countries; how to select a set of performance metrics in DEA with an application to American banks; a relational network model to take the operations of individual periods into account in measuring efficiencies; how the efficient frontier methods DEA and stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) can be used synergistically; and how to integrate DEA and multidimensional scaling. In other chapters, authors construct a dynamic three-stage network DEA model; a bootstrapping based methodology to evaluate returns to scale and convexity assumptions in DEA; hybridizing DEA and cooperative games; using DEA to represent the production technology and directional distance functions to measure band performance; an input-specific Luenberger energy and environmental productivity indicator; and the issue of reference set by differentiating between the uniquely found reference set and the unary and maximal types of the reference set. Finally, additional chapters evaluate and compare the technological advancement observed in different hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) market segments over the past 15 years; radial measurement of efficiency for the production process possessing multi-components under different production technologies; issues around the use of accounting information in DEA; how to use DEA environmental assessment to establish corporate sustainability; a summary of research efforts on DEA environmental assessment applied to energy in the last 30 years; and an overview of DEA and how it can be utilized alone and with other techniques to investigate corporate environmental sustainability questions.

Handbook of Operations Analytics Using Data Envelopment Analysis

Wade D. Cook

In a relatively short period of time, data envelopment analysis (DEA) has grown into a powerful analytical tool for measuring and evaluating performance. DEA is computational at its core and this book is one of several Springer aim to publish on the subject. This work deals with the micro aspects of handling and modeling data issues in DEA problems. It is a handbook treatment dealing with specific data problems, including imprecise data and undesirable outputs.

Modeling Data Irregularities and Structural Complexities in Data Envelopment Analysis

Vincent Charles

This book brings Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) based techniques and big data together to explore the novel uses and potentials of DEA under big data. These areas are of widespread interest to researchers and practitioners alike. Considering the vast literature on DEA, one could say that DEA has been and continues to be, a widely used technique both in performance and productivity measurement, having covered a plethora of challenges and debates within the modelling framework. Over the past four decades, DEA models have been applied in almost every major field of study. However, DEA has not been used to its fullest extent. As the inter- and intra-disciplinary research grows, DEA could be used in potentially many other ways; for instance, DEA could be viewed as a data mining tool for data-enabled analytics. One opportunity is brought by the existence of big data. Although big data has existed for a while now, gaining popularity among insight seekers, we are still in incipient stages when it comes to taking full advantage of its potential. Generally, researchers have either been interested in examining its origin or in developing and using big data technology. As the amount of (big) data is growing every day in an exponential manner, so does its complexity; in this sense, various types of data are surfacing, whose study and examination could shed new light on phenomena of interest. A quick review of existing literature shows that big data is a new entrant within the DEA framework. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in bringing the two concepts together, with research studies aiming to integrate DEA and big data concepts within a single framework. But, more work is needed to fully explore the value of their intersection-it is time to view DEA in light of its potential usage in new fields or new usage within the existing fields, under the big data umbrella. It is time to view DEA models beyond their present scope and mine new insights for better data-driven decision-making.

DEA for Big Data

Data-Enabled Analytics

This book brings Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) based techniques and big data together to explore the novel uses and potentials of DEA under big data. These areas are of widespread interest to researchers and practitioners alike. Considering the vast literature on DEA, one could say that DEA has been and continues to be, a widely used technique both in performance and productivity measurement, having covered a plethora of challenges and debates within the modelling framework. Over the past four decades, DEA models have been applied in almost every major field of study. However, DEA has not been used to its fullest extent. As the inter- and intra-disciplinary research grows, DEA could be used in potentially many other ways; for instance, DEA could be viewed as a data mining tool for data-enabled analytics. One opportunity is brought by the existence of big data. Although big data has existed for a while now, gaining popularity among insight seekers, we are still in incipient stages when it comes to taking full advantage of its potential. Generally, researchers have either been interested in examining its origin or in developing and using big data technology. As the amount of (big) data is growing every day in an exponential manner, so does its complexity; in this sense, various types of data are surfacing, whose study and examination could shed new light on phenomena of interest. A quick review of existing literature shows that big data is a new entrant within the DEA framework. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in bringing the two concepts together, with research studies aiming to integrate DEA and big data concepts within a single framework. But, more work is needed to fully explore the value of their intersection -- it is time to view DEA in light of its potential usage in new fields or new usage within the existing fields, under the big data umbrella. It is time to view DEA models beyond their present scope and mine new insights for better data-driven decision-making.

This handbook compiles state-of-the-art empirical studies and applications using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). It includes a collection of 18 chapters written by DEA experts. Chapter 1 examines the performance of CEOs of U.S. banks and thrifts. Chapter 2 describes the network operational structure of transportation organizations and the relative network data envelopment analysis model. Chapter 3 demonstrates how to use different types of DEA models to compute total-factor energy efficiency scores with an application to energy efficiency. In chapter 4, the authors explore the impact of incorporating customers' willingness to pay for service quality in benchmarking models on cost efficiency of distribution networks, and chapter 5 provides a brief review of previous applications of DEA to the professional baseball industry, followed by two detailed applications to Major League Baseball. Chapter 6 examines efficiency and productivity of U.S. property-liability (P-L) insurers using DEA, while chapter 7 presents a two-stage network DEA model that decomposes the overall efficiency of a decision-making unit into two components. Chapter 8 presents a review of the literature of DEA models for the perfoemance assessment of mutual funds, and chapter 9 discusses the management strategies formulation of the international tourist hotel industry in Taiwan. Chapter 10 presents a novel use of the two-stage network DEA to evaluate sustainable product design performances. In chapter 11 authors highlight limitations of some DEA environmental efficiency models, and chapter 12 reviews applications of DEA in secondary and tertiary education. Chapter 13 measures the relative performance of New York State school districts in the 2011-2012 academic year. Chapter 14 provides an introductory prelude to chapters 15 and 16, which both provide detailed applications of DEA in marketing. Chapter 17 then shows how to decompose a new total factor productivity index that satisfies all economically-relevant axioms from index theory with an application to U.S. agriculture. Finally, chapter 18 presents a unique study that conducts a DEA research front analysis, applying a network clustering method to group the DEA literature over the period 2000 to 2014.

A Handbook of Empirical Studies and Applications

William W. Cooper

Lawrence M. Seiford

This handbook covers DEA topics that are extensively used and solidly based. The purpose of the handbook is to (1) describe and elucidate the state of the field and (2), where appropriate, extend the frontier of DEA research. It defines the state-of-the-art of DEA methodology and its uses. This handbook is intended to represent a milestone in the progression of DEA. Written by experts, who are generally major contributors to the topics to be covered, it includes a comprehensive review and discussion of basic DEA models, which, in the present issue extensions to the basic DEA methods, and a collection of DEA applications in the areas of banking, engineering, health care, and services. The handbook's chapters are organized into two categories: (i) basic DEA models, concepts, and their extensions, and (ii) DEA applications. First edition contributors have returned to update their work. The second edition includes updated versions of selected first edition chapters. New chapters have been added on: different approaches with no need for a priori choices of weights (called “multipliers) that reflect meaningful trade-offs, construction of static and dynamic DEA technologies, slacks-based model and its extensions, DEA models for DMUs that have internal structures network DEA that can be used for measuring supply chain operations, Selection of DEA applications in the service sector with a focus on building a conceptual framework, research design and interpreting results.

Handbook on Data Envelopment Analysis

H. David Sherman

Here is an in-depth guide to the most powerful available benchmarking technique for improving service organization performance — Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The book outlines DEA as a benchmarking technique, identifies high cost service units, isolates specific changes for elevating performance to the best practice services level providing high quality service at low cost and most important, it guides the improvement process.

Improving Service Performance using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)

Service Productivity Management

Managers are often under great pressure to improve the performance of their organizations. To improve performance, one needs to constantly evaluate operations or processes related to producing products, providing services, and marketing and selling products. Performance evaluation and benchmarking are a widely used method to identify and adopt best practices as a means to improve performance and increase productivity, and are particularly valuable when no objective or engineered standard is available to define efficient and effective performance. For this reason, benchmarking is often used in managing service operations, because service standards (benchmarks) are more difficult to define than manufacturing standards. Benchmarks can be established but they are somewhat limited as they work with single measurements one at a time. It is difficult to evaluate an organization’s performance when there are multiple inputs and outputs to the system. The difficulties are further enhanced when the relationships between the inputs and the outputs are complex and involve unknown tradeoffs. It is critical to show benchmarks where multiple measurements exist. The current book introduces the methodology of data envelopment analysis (DEA) and its uses in performance evaluation and benchmarking under the context of multiple performance measures.

Data Envelopment Analysis with Spreadsheets

Quantitative Models for Performance Evaluation and Benchmarking

Managers are often under great pressure to improve the performance of their organizations. To improve performance, one needs to constantly evaluate operations or processes related to producing products, providing services, and marketing and selling products. Performance evaluation and benchmarking are a widely used method to identify and adopt best practices as a means to improve performance and increase productivity, and are particularly valuable when no objective or engineered standard is available to define efficient and effective performance. For this reason, benchmarking is often used in managing service operations, because service standards (benchmarks) are more difficult to define than manufacturing standards. Benchmarks can be established but they are somewhat limited as they work with single measurements one at a time. It is difficult to evaluate an organization's performance when there are multiple inputs and outputs to the system. The difficulties are further enhanced when the relationships between the inputs and the outputs are complex and involve unknown tradeoffs. It is critical to show benchmarks where multiple measurements exist. The current book introduces the methodology of data envelopment analysis (DEA) and its uses in performance evaluation and benchmarking under the context of mUltiple performance measures.

This book explores the novel uses and potentials of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) under big data. These areas are of widespread interest to researchers and practitioners alike. Considering the vast literature on DEA, one could say that DEA has been and continues to be, a widely used technique both in performance and productivity measurement, having covered a plethora of challenges and debates within the modelling framework.

This volume addresses advanced DEA methodology and techniques developed for modeling unique new performance evaluation issues. Many numerical examples, real management cases and verbal descriptions make it very valuable for researchers and practitioners.

Applications and Implementation Issues in DEA

Modeling Performance Measurement

This handbook serves as a complement to the Handbook on Data Envelopment Analysis (eds, W.W. Cooper, L.M. Seiford and J, Zhu, 2011, Springer) in an effort to extend the frontier of DEA research. It provides a comprehensive source for the state-of-the art DEA modeling on internal structures and network DEA. Chapter 1 provides a survey on two-stage network performance decomposition and modeling techniques. Chapter 2 discusses the pitfalls in network DEA modeling. Chapter 3 discusses efficiency decompositions in network DEA under three types of structures, namely series, parallel and dynamic. Chapter 4 studies the determination of the network DEA frontier. In chapter 5 additive efficiency decomposition in network DEA is discussed. An approach in scale efficiency measurement in two-stage networks is presented in chapter 6. Chapter 7 further discusses the scale efficiency decomposition in two stage networks. Chapter 8 offers a bargaining game approach to modeling two-stage networks. Chapter 9 studies shared resources and efficiency decomposition in two-stage networks. Chapter 10 introduces an approach to computing the technical efficiency scores for a dynamic production network and its sub-processes. Chapter 11 presents a slacks-based network DEA. Chapter 12 discusses a DEA modeling technique for a two-stage network process where the inputs of the second stage include both the outputs from the first stage and additional inputs to the second stage. Chapter 13 presents an efficiency measurement methodology for multi-stage production systems. Chapter 14 discusses network DEA models, both static and dynamic. The discussion also explores various useful objective functions that can be applied to the models to find the optimal allocation of resources for processes within the black box, that are normally invisible to DEA. Chapter 15 provides a comprehensive review of various type network DEA modeling techniques. Chapter 16 presents shared resources models for deriving aggregate measures of bank-branch performance, with accompanying component measures that make up that aggregate value. Chapter 17 examines a set of manufacturing plants operating under a single umbrella, with the objective being to use the component or function measures to decide what might be considered as each plant’s core business. Chapter 18 considers problem settings where there may be clusters or groups of DMUs that form a hierarchy. The specific case of a set off electric power plants is examined in this context. Chapter 19 models bad outputs in two-stage network DEA. Chapter 20 presents an application of network DEA to performance measurement of Major League Baseball (MLB) teams. Chapter 21 presents an application of a two-stage network DEA model for examining the performance of 30 U.S. airline companies. Chapter 22 then presents two distinct network efficiency models that are applied to engineering systems.

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