William D. Savedoff

Andrew Powell

Juan Carlos Navarro

Carmen Pagés

Carlos Scartascini

Rita Funaro

Lucía Madrigal

Suzanne Duryea

Juan Camilo Chaparro

María Victoria Rodríguez-Pombo

Eduardo Lora

Pablo Sanguinetti

Aimee Verdisco

Mariana Alfonso

Traditionally, the concept of quality of life has been viewed through objective indicators. Beyond Facts looks at quality of life through a new lens, namely, the perceptions of millions of Latin Americans. Using an enhanced version of the recently created Gallup World Poll that incorporates Latin America-specific questions, the Inter-American Development Bank surveyed people from throughout the region and found that perceptions of quality of life are often very different from the reality. These surprising findings have enormous significance for the political economy of the region and provide a wealth of information for policymakers and development practitioners to feast upon.

Understanding Quality of Life

Beyond Facts

Javier Urra

Carlos Pimenta

Marcos Robles

Marco Stampini

María Fernanda Merino

Jennelle Thompson

Alfonso Tolmos

María Carmen Fernández Díez

Carlos César Perafán

Ricardo Quiroga

Jaime Fernández-Baca

Elizabeth Chávez

Carmiña Moreno

Gabriel Quijandría

Carlos E. Ludeña

Sergio Lacambra Ayuso

Tsuneki Hori

Axel Radics

Carlos Echevarría

 Rafael Capristán

Gonzalo Deustua

Karelia Villa

Gregorio Arevalo

Carlos Guaipatín

Claudia Suaznabar

Elena Arias Ortiz

Fidel Jaramillo

Alfred Grunwaldt 

Gracias a su buen desempeño económico, el Perú está en camino de consolidarse como una economía de ingreso medio, con todos los retos y oportunidades que ello conlleva. Mirando hacia el futuro, las oportunidades son muchas, aunque los retos también lo son. La persistencia de brechas en el acceso a servicios sociales, seguridad social, infraestructura básica y oportunidades económicas, entre los ámbitos rural y urbano, es en sí mismo un obstáculo hacia estadios mayores de desarrollo. El reto del Perú en la presente década será el de lograr un modelo que haga compatible el crecimiento económico, la recuperación de los necesarios equilibrios sociales y territoriales y la preservación del ambiente. En este contexto, el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo aprobó en julio de 2012 el Documento de la Estrategia del Banco con el país 2012-2016, que constituye un acuerdo entre el Perú y el Banco para determinar los parámetros de su relación de cooperación futura. Para la confección de la Estrategia del Banco con el País 2012-2016, el Banco condujo una profunda reflexión técnica, que incorporó lo mejor de su conocimiento, experiencia y experticia sectorial, en arduo trabajo de discusión interna y externa, para generar 33 notas técnicas sectoriales. Este volumen que presentamos, incluye la selección de los 12 diagnósticos sectoriales que finalmente dieron respaldo analítico a las áreas prioritarias identificadas en el Documento de la Estrategia del Banco con el país 2012-2016, luego de culminado el minucioso proceso de diálogo y priorización con las autoridades del Gobierno del Perú.

2012-2016

Retos de desarrollo del Perú

Rubén Bueno-Marí

A. Paulo Gouveia Almeida

Zoonoses are currently considered as one of the most important threats for public health worldwide. Zoonoses can be defined as any disease or infection that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate or invertebrate animals to humans and vice-versa. Approximately 75% of recently emerging infectious diseases affecting humans are diseases of animal origin; approximately 60% of all human pathogens are zoonotic. All types of potential pathogenic agents, including viruses, parasites, bacteria and fungi, can cause these zoonotic infections. From the wide range of potential vectors of zoonoses, insects are probably those of major significance due to their abundance, high plasticity and adaptability to different kinds of pathogens, high degrees of synanthropism in several groups and difficulties to apply effective programs of population control. Although ticks, flies, cockroaches, bugs and fleas are excellent insects capable to transmit viruses, parasites and bacteria, undoubtedly mosquitoes are the most important disease vectors. Mosquito borne diseases like malaria, dengue, equine encephalitis, West Nile, Mayaro or Chikungunya are zoonoses with increasing incidence in last years in tropical and temperate countries. Vertebrates can also transmit serious zoonoses, highlighting the role of some carnivorous animals in rabies dissemination or the spread of rodent borne diseases in several rural and urban areas. Moreover, the significance of other food borne zoonoses such as taeniasis, trichinellosis or toxoplasmosis may not been underestimated. According to WHO, FAO and OIE guidelines an emerging zoonotic disease can be defined as a zoonosis that is newly recognized or newly evolved, or that has occurred previously but shows an increase of incidence or expansion in geographical, host or vector range. There are many factors that can provoke or accelerate the emergence of zoonoses, such as environmental changes, habitat modifications, variations of human and animal demography, pathogens and vectors anomalous mobilization related with human practices and globalization, deterioration of the strategies of vector control or changes in pathogen genetics. To reduce public health risks from zoonoses is absolutely necessary to acquire an integrative perspective that includes the study of the complexity of interactions among humans, animals and environment in order to be able to fight against these issues of primary interest for human health. In any case, although zoonoses represent significant public health threats, many of them still remain as neglected diseases and consequently are not prioritized by some health international organisms.

Emerging zoonoses: eco-epidemiology, involved mechanisms and public health implications

Juan Carlos Navarro

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