Konstantinos Papadimitriou

Afef Najjari

Jasna Novak (maiden Beganovic)

Emmanuelle Maguin

Probiotic Trigger Molecules in Action

Jia Yin

Tingtao Chen

Peng Huang

Nutritional Physiology and Gut Microbiome

Effie Tsakalidou

Non-Bovine Milk and Milk Products presents a compiled and renewed vision of the knowledge existing as well as the emerging challenges on animal husbandry and non-cow milk production, technology, chemistry, microbiology, safety, nutrition, and health, including current policies and practices. Non-bovine milk products are an expanding means of addressing nutritional and sustainable food needs around the world. While many populations have integrated non-bovine products into their diets for centuries, as consumer demand and acceptance have grown, additional opportunities for non-bovine products are emerging. Understanding the proper chain of production will provide important insight into the successful growth of this sector. This book is a valuable resource for those involved in the non-cow milk sector, e.g. academia, research institutes, milk producers, dairy industry, trade associations, government, and policy makers. Discusses important social, economic, and environmental aspects of the production and distribution of non-bovine milk and milk products Provides insight into non-bovine milk from a broad range of relevant perspectives with contributions from leading researchers around the world Focuses on current concerns including animal health and welfare, product safety, and production technologies Serves as a valuable resource for those involved in the non-cow milk sector

Non-Bovine Milk and Milk Products

Jan Kok

Pierre Renault

Kimberly Kline

The economic importance of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) for the food industry and their implication in health and disease has rendered them attractive models for research in many laboratories around the world. Over the past three decades, molecular and genetic analysis of LAB species provided important insights into the biology and application of starter and probiotic LAB and in the virulence of LAB pathogens. The knowledge obtained prepared LAB researchers for the forthcoming opportunities provided by the advent of microbial genomics. Today, developments in next-generation sequencing technologies have rocketed LAB genome research and the sequences of several hundreds of strains are available. This flood of information has revolutionized our view of LAB. First of all, a detailed picture has emerged about the evolutionary mechanisms allowing LAB to inhabit the very diverge ecological niches in which they can be found. Adaptation of LAB to nutrient-rich environments has led to degenerative evolution processes that resulted in shortening of chromosomes and simplified metabolic potential. Gene acquisition through horizontal transfer, on the other hand, is also important in shaping LAB gene pools. Horizontally acquired genes have been shown to be essential in technological properties of starters and in probiosis or virulence of commensals. Progress in bioinformatics tools has allowed rapid annotation of LAB genomes and the direct assignment of genetic traits among species/strains through comparative genomics. In this way, the molecular basis of many important traits of LAB has been elucidated, including aspects of sugar fermentation, flavor and odor formation, production of textural substances, stress responses, colonization of and survival in the host, cell-tocell interactions and pathogenicity. Functional genomics and proteomics have been employed in a number of instances to support in silico predictions. Given that the costs of advanced next-generation methodologies like RNA-seq are dropping fast, bottlenecks in the in silico characterization of LAB genomes will be rapidly overcome. Another crucial advancement in LAB research is the application of systems biology approaches, by which the properties and interactions of components or parts of a biological system are investigated to accurately understand or predict LAB behavior. Practically, systems biology involves the mathematical modeling of complex biological systems that can be refined iteratively with wet-lab experiments. High-throughput experimentation generating huge amounts of data on the properties and quantities of many components such as transcripts, enzymes and metabolites has resulted in several systems models of LAB. Novel techniques allow modelling of additional levels of complexity including the function of small RNAs, structural features of RNA molecules and post-translational modifications. In addition, researchers have started to apply systems approaches in the framework of LAB multispecies ecosystems in which each species or strain is considered as a part of the system. Metatransciptomics, metaproteomics and metametabolomics offer the means to combine cellular behavior with population dynamics in microbial consortia.

Omics and Systems Approaches to Study the Biology and Applications of Lactic Acid Bacteria

Beginning with the basics of lactic acid bacteria and stress response, then working into specific fields of research and current developments, Stress Responses of Lactic Acid Bacteria will serve as an essential guidebook to researchers in the field, industry professionals, and advanced students in the area. The exploration of stress responses in lactic acid bacteria began in the early 90s and revealed the differences that exist between LAB and the classical model microorganisms. A considerable amount of work has been performed on the main genera / species of LAB regarding the genes implicated and their actual role and regulation, and the mechanisms of stress resistance have also been elucidated. Recent genome and transcriptome analyses complement the proteome and genetic information available today and shed a new light on the perception of and the responses to stress by lactic acid bacteria.

Stress Responses of Lactic Acid Bacteria

Konstantinos Papadimitriou

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