Michael J. Mazarr

Luke J. Matthews

Abigail Casey

Ryan Michael Bauer

The evolution of advanced information environments is rapidly creating a new category of possible cyberaggression, which RAND researchers are calling virtual societal warfare in an analysis of the characteristics and future of this growing threat.

Social Manipulation in a Changing Information Environment

The Emerging Risk of Virtual Societal Warfare

The practitioners of hostile social manipulation employ social media, forgeries, harassment, distribution of rumors, and other tools to cause damage to their target state. This report focuses on the information warfare activities of Russia and China.

Luke J. Matthews

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