Mike Robinson

Maria Gravari-Barbas

Laurent Bourdeau

Not all World Heritage Sites have people living within or close by their boundaries, but many do. The designation of World Heritage status brings a new dimension to the functioning of local communities and particularly through tourism. Too many tourists accentuated by the World Heritage label, or in some cases not enough tourists, despite anticipation of increased numbers, can act to disrupt and disturb relations within a community and between communities. Either way, tourism can be seen as a form of activity that can generate interest and concern as it is played out within World Heritage Sites. But the relationships that World Heritage Sites and their consequent tourism share with communities are not just a function of the number of tourists. The relationships are complex and ever changing as the communities themselves change and are built upon long-standing and wider contextual factors that stretch beyond tourism. This volume, drawing upon a wide range of international cases relating to some 33 World Heritage Sites, reveals the multiple dimensions of the relations that exist between the sites and local communities. The designation of the sites can create, obscure and heighten the power relations between different parts of a community, between different communities and between the tourism and the heritage sector. Increasingly, the management of World Heritage is not only about the management of buildings and landscapes but about managing the communities that live and work in or near them.

Global and Local Relations

World Heritage Sites and Tourism

Sandra Guinand

Tourism gentrification is a critical shaping force of socio-economic and contemporary urban landscapes. This book aims to be the first substantive text on this subject, explaining the multiple and complex relationships between tourism and gentrification and their outcomes and manifestations in contemporary metropolises. This is achieved by drawing on in-depth case analyses addressing the different issues at stake. Part I deals with the manifestations of tourism gentrification and the ways it affects urban landscapes through heritagization and urban regeneration strategies. Part II looks at the correlations between tourism gentrification and culture. Finally, the last two parts aim to identify and examine forms and expressions of tourism gentrification, distinguishing among the actors, beneficiaries, and victims of the phenomenon while looking at its implications for intra-metropolitan territories and metropolitan governance. The book approaches these issues in an innovative way, by looking at a variety of metropolises in a diverse range of countries and by dealing with the different relations and management issues generated by gentrification in relation to tourism. Through interdisciplinary approaches, this groundbreaking text sheds light on the role tourism plays in contemporary metropolises, furthering knowledge of urban tourism. For these reasons, it will be of particular interest to scholars and students of tourism, urban studies, geography, anthropology and sociology.

International Perspectives

Tourism and Gentrification in Contemporary Metropolises

Aurélie Condevaux

This title offers a dynamic understanding of tourism, usually defined in terms of clearly circumscribed places and temporalities, to grasp its changing spatial patterns. The first part looks at the ‘befores’ – everyday places such as daily markets, flea markets, urban neighbourhoods, that have captured the tourists’ interest and have progressively experienced new development in their ordinary patterns. The second part investigates the ‘afters’ – former tourist spaces moving beyond the tourism sphere and becoming places of everyday life, study or work. Chapters explore what this means for local societies and examine this contemporary phenomenon of former tourist attractions becoming ordinary and everyday, and of ordinary places beginning to take on a tourist dimension. The hybridisation of tourist practices and ordinary practices is also explored through a range of international case studies and examples written by highly regarded and interdisciplinary academics. This edited volume will be of great interest to upper-level students, academics and researchers in tourism, urban studies, and land use planning.

Before and After Tourism

Tourism Dynamics in Everyday Places

Nelson Graburn

Jean-François Staszak

Tourism Fictions, Simulacra and Virtualities offers a new understanding of tourism's interaction with space, questioning the ways in which fictions, simulacra and virtualities express tourism in the built environment and vice versa. Since its beginnings, tourism has inspired themed built environments that have a constitutive, and sometimes problematic, relationship with the "real" world and its architectural references. This volume questions and rethinks the different environments constructed or adapted both for and by tourism exploring the relationship between the "real" and the "unreal" within the tourist bubble and the ways in which the real world inspires simulacra for tourism use. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach this book touches on a wide range of geographical areas, eras and subjects such as post-socialist tourism in Poland, the Hawaiian imaginary in Las Vegas, Rio de Janeiro's Little Africa, as well as multiple instances of virtual reality in tourism. This timely and innovative volume will be of great interest to upper level students, researchers and academics in tourism, architecture, cultural studies, geography and heritage studies.

Tourism Fictions, Simulacra and Virtualities

Jean-Francois Staszak

Tourism Fictions, Simulacra and Virtualities offers a new understanding of tourism’s interaction with space, questioning the ways in which fictions, simulacra and virtualities express tourism in the built environment and vice versa. Since its beginnings, tourism has inspired themed built environments that have a constitutive, and sometimes problematic, relationship with the “real” world and its architectural references. This volume questions and rethinks the different environments constructed or adapted both for and by tourism exploring the relationship between the “real” and the “unreal” within the tourist bubble and the ways in which the real world inspires simulacra for tourism use. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach this book touches on a wide range of geographical areas, eras and subjects such as post-socialist tourism in Poland, the Hawaiian imaginary in Las Vegas, Rio de Janeiro’s Little Africa, as well as multiple instances of virtual reality in tourism. This timely and innovative volume will be of great interest to upper level students, researchers and academics in tourism, architecture, cultural studies, geography and heritage studies.

Since its beginnings, tourism has inspired built environments that have suggested reinvented relationships with their original architectural inspirations. Copies, reinterpretations, and simulacra still constitute some of the most familiar and popular tourist attractions in the world. Some reinterpret archetypes such as the ancient palace, the Renaissance villa, or the Mediterranean village. Others duplicate the cities in which we lived in the past or we still live today. And others realise perceptions of utopias such as Shangri-La, Eden, or Paradise. Replicas – duplitecture – and simulacra can have symbolic meaning for tourists, as merely inspiring an atmosphere or as truly authentic, and their relationship to original functions, for worship, accommodation, leisure, or shopping. Tourism and Architectural Simulacra questions and rethinks the different environments constructed or adapted both for and by tourism exploring the relationship between the architectural inspiration and its reproduction within the tourist bubble. The wide range of geographical areas, eras, and subjects in this book show that the expositions of simulacra and hyper reality by Baudrillard, Deleuze, and Eco are surpassed by our complex world. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach they offer original insights of the complex relationship between tourism and architecture. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of the Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change.

Tourism and Architectural Simulacra

The remarkable success of the 1972 UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage is borne out by the fact that nearly 1,000 properties have now been designated as possessing Outstanding Universal Value and recognition given to the imperative for their protection. However, the remarkable success of the Convention is not without its challenges and a key issue for many Sites relates to the touristic legacies of inscription. For many sites inscription on the World Heritage List acts as a promotional device and the management challenge is one of protection, conservation and dealing with increased numbers of tourists. For other sites, designation has not brought anticipated expansion in tourist numbers and associated investments. What is clear is that tourism is now a central concern to the wide array of stakeholders involved with World Heritage Sites.

Inscription and Co-production

World Heritage, Tourism and Identity

Sylvie Guichard-Anguis

Le patrimoine, construction sociale de la modernité européenne, connaît depuis la fin des années 70 un élargissement extraordinaire. L'emploi du mot patrimoine agit dans bien des cas comme une référence incontestable, incontournable, exclusive de toute critique. Elle clôt les débats quand elle ne devient pas tout simplement incantatoire. Mais qu'en est-il hors de l'Europe ? Le patrimoine fait-il l'objet de la même attention, le mot recouvre-t-il les mêmes contenus ? Peu d'études ont été consacrées à ce sujet. Le livre rassemble les chercheurs spécialisés dans différentes disciplines et de nombreux pays. Ils y confrontent la diversité des pratiques et des sens patrimoniaux dans un monde où les distances ne cessent de raccourcir et qu'il est urgent d'appréhender dans toute sa complexité et donc sa richesse.

Maria Gravari-Barbas

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