Mark Blyth

Selected as a Financial Times Best Book of 2013 Governments today in both Europe and the United States have succeeded in casting government spending as reckless wastefulness that has made the economy worse. In contrast, they have advanced a policy of draconian budget cuts--austerity--to solve the financial crisis. We are told that we have all lived beyond our means and now need to tighten our belts. This view conveniently forgets where all that debt came from. Not from an orgy of government spending, but as the direct result of bailing out, recapitalizing, and adding liquidity to the broken banking system. Through these actions private debt was rechristened as government debt while those responsible for generating it walked away scot free, placing the blame on the state, and the burden on the taxpayer. That burden now takes the form of a global turn to austerity, the policy of reducing domestic wages and prices to restore competitiveness and balance the budget. The problem, according to political economist Mark Blyth, is that austerity is a very dangerous idea. First of all, it doesn't work. As the past four years and countless historical examples from the last 100 years show, while it makes sense for any one state to try and cut its way to growth, it simply cannot work when all states try it simultaneously: all we do is shrink the economy. In the worst case, austerity policies worsened the Great Depression and created the conditions for seizures of power by the forces responsible for the Second World War: the Nazis and the Japanese military establishment. As Blyth amply demonstrates, the arguments for austerity are tenuous and the evidence thin. Rather than expanding growth and opportunity, the repeated revival of this dead economic idea has almost always led to low growth along with increases in wealth and income inequality. Austerity demolishes the conventional wisdom, marshaling an army of facts to demand that we recognize austerity for what it is, and what it costs us.

The History of a Dangerous Idea

Austerity

Eric Lonergan

The disconnect between our experience of the world and the economic model used to explain it has given rise to angrynomics. In a powerful and passionately argued analysis, Eric Lonergan and Mark Blyth offer a set of radical and innovative policies that might just help the world to be a less angry place.

Angrynomics

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التحولات الكبرى

Matthias Matthijs

"An attempt by political economists to analyze the fundamental causes of the euro crisis, determine how it can be fixed, and consider what likely futures lie ahead for the currency. The book makes three interrelated arguments that emphasize the primacy of political over economic factors. First, the 'euro problem' is discussed as the result of the single currency's fundamental lack of institutional embeddedness, insofar as its original design omitted three 'forgotten unions' alongside of monetary union: a financial and banking union, mutually supporting institutions of fiscal union and economic government, and a political union holding similar legitimacy to the nation-state. Second, the 'euro experience' shows how the euro's unfinished design led to economic divergence - quietly altering the existing distribution of economic and political power within Europe prior to the crisis - which in turn determined the EU's crisis response. The book highlights how the euro's four most important members - Germany, France, Italy and Spain - each changed once they adopted the euro, why the crisis affected them so differently, and how each has since struggled to live with the commitments the euro necessitates. Third, the book examines three possible 'euro futures' through the lens of the politics of its reluctant leader Germany; through the lens of the EU's capacity to 'move forward' through crises; and through the geopolitical lens of the international monetary system. The book concludes that any successful long-term solution to the euro's predicament needs to start with the political foundations of markets"--Publisher's description.

The Future of the Euro

No livro Austeridade – A História de Uma Ideia Perigosa, Mark Blyth oferece ao leitor uma sólida argumentação construída a partir de uma constatação tão óbvia quanto ausente das análises dos economistas convencionais. Blyth desvela as razões das políticas de austeridade que se seguiram à crise de 2008. "A Europa precisa ser austera porque os balanços financeiros dos Estados nacionais têm que funcionar como amortecedores de choques para o conjunto do sistema...Primeiro ocorreu a crise bancária, depois uma crise das dívidas soberanas. Mas isso é o efeito, não a causa". Os bancos centrais e os Tesouros Nacionais mobilizaram seus balanços para socorrer os bancos quebrados, o que resultou na expansão dos déficits e dívidas dos Estados. São saborosos os capítulos do livro que avaliam a história da Ideia Perigosa. No âmago dos enganos e desenganos, está o autoengano do ideário liberal. Nos momentos de crise, o liberalismo econômico aponta invariavelmente o dedo acusador para o Estado irracional e gastador. Blyth inicia a investigação histórica da Ideia Perigosa com a análise cuidadosa dos escritos de Locke, David Hume e Adam Smith. Críticos do mercantilismo, os três ícones do pensamento liberal advogam a regra inviolável do orçamento equilibrado, independentemente das flutuações cíclicas da economia. Esse dogma associou-se às crenças do padrão-ouro para sacralizar o mercado auto- regulado e bloquear as ações estabilizadoras dos governos. Depois da Grande Depressão, Keynes justificou teoricamente as políticas fiscais e monetárias destinadas a recuperar as economias prostradas. Mas, atenção: a austeridade, ademais de perigosa, é uma ideia persistente. Derrotada por Keynes, ela voltou vitoriosa nos braços dos corifeus do neoliberalismo, de Milton Friedman a Robert Lucas. — Luiz Gonzaga de Mello Belluzzo (economista e professor da UNICAMP)

A Historia de uma Ideia Perigosa

Austeridade

Lucio Baccaro

Jonas Pontusson

"The Global Financial Crisis and the following period of 'secular stagnation' have raised questions about the state of modern economics and macroeconomics in particular. This has had repercussions for social sciences that deal with economic issues. In particular in the fields of International Political Economy (IPE) and Comparative Political Economy (CPE) there is rising interest in non-mainstream macroeconomic theories (Blyth and Matthijs 2017, Baccaro and Pontussen 2016). In CPE there is a recognition that the field has in the past decades increasingly shifted to institutional and microeconomic questions and disregarded Keynesian considerations of macroeconomic instability and problems of fallacies of composition (Schwartz and Tranoy 2019). The purpose of this chapter is to give an overview of post-Keynesian economics (PKE) as a non-mainstream macroeconomic theory"--

The New Politics of Growth and Stagnation

Diminishing Returns

Professor of Political Science Mark Blyth

Blyth Mark

This book picks up where Karl Polanyi's study of economic and political change left off. Building upon Polanyi's conception of the double movement, Blyth analyzes the two periods of deep seated institutional change that characterized the twentieth century: the 1930s and the 1970s. Blyth views both sets of changes as part of the same dynamic. In the 1930s labor reacted against the exigencies of the market and demanded state action to mitigate the market's effects by 'embedding liberalism.' In the 1970s, those who benefited least from such 'embedding' institutions, namely business, reacted against these constraints and sought to overturn that institutional order. Blyth demonstrates the critical role economic ideas played in making institutional change possible. Great Transformations rethinks the relationship between uncertainty, ideas, and interests, achieving profound new insights on how, and under what conditions, institutional change takes place.

Economic Ideas and Institutional Change in the Twentieth Century

Great Transformations

The study of the International Political Economy (IPE), like the IPE itself, is plural and unbounded. Despite what partisans sometimes say, rather than there being ‘one way’ of studying the IPE that is the ‘right way’, we find across the world great variation in IPE scholarship in terms of focus, questions, and methods. How then can we make sense of this and understand the field as a whole rather than simply learn one part of it? This Handbook is designed to address precisely this concern. It maps the shifting boundaries and diverse theoretical commitments of IPE around the world. It engages the geographical and theoretical diversity of the different versions of IPE found in North America, the UK, in Asia and Australia; and notes the absences of distinctive versions of IPE in Europe and Latin America. The volume groups together the essential attributes and positions of each school, inviting the reader to engage with and learn about IPE in all of its guises through this evolving ‘global conversation.’ Rather than adjudicate ‘the one true version’ of IPE, it argues that the intellectual diversity we see around the world is an essential, and positive, feature of the field. With over twenty contributors from a wide range of countries Routledge Handbook of International Political Economy is an essential resource for all those with an interest in this complex and rapidly evolving field of study.

Mark Blyth

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