Isabell M. Welpe

Angela A. Stanton

Mellani Day

Do people with high testosterone levels make decisions the same way as people with lower testosterone? Do men change their behavior when a pretty woman enters the office? Do women change their behavior when a handsome man enters the office? Do men and women affect each other within the firm to the detriment or the benefit of the firm? In some ways, the questions this edited volume addresses are questions that we are all familiar with and have asked for many years. It suggests looking for answers in places that that we have never thought of before. Some of the chapters will surprise you with their ingenious, simple answers and propositions; some will perhaps make you feel awkward with their straight-forward way of presenting what we all suspected but felt uncomfortable to talk about. From the foreword by David B. Audretsch This volume brings together leading researchers from a variety of fields to investigate the concept of the firm from new perspectives arising from neuroeconomics. The traditional theory of the firm has focused on the strategic, operational and resource management objectives of the firm as an organization. This timely and informative book explores new horizons in the biology of human decision-making and behavior, including uncertainty, entrepreneurship and ethics as it affects the functioning of the organization. The fascinating chapters cover a wide range of research fields, drawing on both the conscious and the unconscious mind, and how common hormonal cycles in the female and testosterone variations in the male affect each other in the workplace and its affect on the firm as an organization. The topics of entrepreneurship and the recent global financial crisis are discussed from the perspective of hormonal forces and the implications of those forces in the future. It is an enlightening selection of articles that scholars, students, business leaders, and managers will find a valuable read. Vernon L. Smith, 2002 Nobel Laureate in Economics The ideal firm has been studied over several centuries, yet little is known about what makes one successful and another fail. This pioneering book brings together leading researchers investigating the concept of the firm from a neuroscientific perspective. From the viewpoint of economics, the firm's purpose is to maximize shareholders' wealth; resources are commodities, each with its particular supply and demand curve that can be manipulated by the firm to its own benefit. Traditionally, the firm is focused on the strategic, operational and resource management objectives. The editors instead suggest that the objective of the firm is equal to the objectives of its workers. The definition and function of risk in decision-making, ethics, trust and the global financial crisis are all discussed. They are analyzed from the perspective of human bio-physiology, using scanning and hormonal analysis tools, with a focus on the implications for the bottom line of the firm. With experimental as well as theoretical and applied contributions, this book will benefit scholars and students of economics, business management, finance, organizational behavior, entrepreneurship, psychology, neuroscience and law. Practitioners of management, entrepreneurship and law firms will also find this book to be a captivating read.

Neuroeconomics and the Firm

In this study we examined factors surrounding grade inflation which continues to be a concern in institutions ofhigher education. We argue that while GPAs may be rising, it is due to amultitude of internal and external influencers, including environmentalpressures, student, faculty, program and curriculum variables as well as severalothers, and not necessarily to the awarding of improper grades. We proposed amodel consisting of 13 factors that theoretically have a positive or negativeinfluence on grade point averages (GPAs) and an additional four that requirefurther investigation. We then used historical GPA data from a small universityin the Western United States to test and refine the model. The data consist ofover 8 million data points and cover the period from Fall of 2006 through theSpring of 2020. We found noevidence of rising GPAs in the aggregate data, and found falling and risingGPAs in the two colleges of the case university respectively. We found asignificant negative effect on GPAs for four of our propositions: openenrollment, adjunct faculty, hard discipline, online; and three significantpositive effects on GPA for three others: traditional undergraduate 100-200level, persistence, graduate student. We also show that there are many factorsinvolved in rising GPAs over the past few decades. The question remains as towhether the grades that students receive are indeed reflective of the qualityof work submitted, however the ultimate proof is graduates' success in themarketplace. We provide several suggestions for further research and presentsome ideas to consider if grade inflation is still a concern. We hope thatother institutions of higher education will use and adapt our model toinvestigate potential grade inflation in their own organizations.

Building a Model of Grade Inflation

GPA Rising?

Mary C. Boardman

Norris F. Krueger

This Handbook provides an overview of neuroscience-driven research methodologies and how those methodologies might be applied to theory-based research in the nascent field of neuroentrepreneurship. It presents the current thinking and examples of pioneering work, serves as a reference for those wishing to incorporate these methods into their own research, and provides several helpful discussions on the nature of an answerable question using neuroscience techniques. It includes concrete examples of new ways to conduct research that can shed light onto such areas as decision-making and opportunity recognition, allowing us to ask different, perhaps better, questions than ever before.

Mellani Day

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