Ms.Monique Newiak

Ms.Stefania Fabrizio

Adrian Peralta-Alva

Luis-Felipe Zanna

Ms.Inci Otker

Ms.Genevieve Verdier

Ms.Lisa Kolovich

Mr.Rodrigo Garcia-Verdu

Ms.Catherine A. Pattillo

Baoping Shang

Andrea Presbitero

Ms.Marie-Therese Camilleri

Kazuaki Washimi

Martin Cihak

Ms.Carol L. Baker

The formal launch of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) sets the global development agenda through 2030, placing significant emphasis on promoting social and environmental sustainability alongside economic growth and poverty reduction. Meeting the SDGs will require actions across a wide range of areas by both national governments and the international community. This paper examines the types of policies that developing countries will need to implement to foster economic transformation, to promote economic and social inclusion, and to meet key environmental objectives. Reducing inequality, achieving gender equity, and pricing energy and water resources appropriately receive particular attention.

Policies in Support of Sustainable Development Goals

From Ambition to Execution

Kodjovi M. Eklou

Mr.Kangni R Kpodar

This paper investigates the impact of domestic fuel price increases on export growth in a sample of 77 developing countries over the period 2000-2014. Using a fixed-effect estimator and the local projection approach, we find that an increase in domestic gasoline or diesel price adversely affects real non-fuel export growth, but only in the short run as the impact phases out within two years after the shock. The results also suggest that the negative effect of fuel price increase on exports is mainly noticeable in countries with a high-energy dependency ratio and countries where access to an alternative source of energy, such as electricity, is constrained, thus preventing producers from altering energy consumption mix in response to fuel price changes.

Export Competitiveness - Fuel Price Nexus in Developing Countries: Real or False Concern?

Ms.Kalpana Kochhar

Mr.Benedict J. Clements

Mr.Gerd Schwartz

Mr.Philippe Wingender

Ms.Katrin Elborgh-Woytek

Mr.Kangni Kpodar

The proposed SDN discusses the specific macro-critical aspects of women’s participation in the labor market and the constraints that prevent women from developing their full economic potential. Building on earlier Fund analysis, work undertaken by other organizations and academic research, the SDN presents possible policies to overcome these obstacles in different types of countries.

Women, Work, and the Economy:Macroeconomic Gains from Gender Equity

Ms.Marina Mendes Tavares

Diego B. P. Gomes

The COVID-19 outbreak and the measures to contain the virus have caused severe disruptions to labor supply and demand worldwide. Understanding who is bearing the burden of the crisis and what drives it is crucial for designing policies going forward. Using the U.S. monthly Current Population Survey data, this paper analyzes differences in employment responses between men and women. The main finding is that less educated women with young children were the most adversely affected during the first nine months of the crisis.The loss of employment of women with young children due to the burden of additional childcare is estimated to account for 45 percent of the increase in the employment gender gap, and to reduce total output by 0.36 percent between April and November 2020.

COVID-19 She-Cession: The Employment Penalty of Taking Care of Young Children

Davide Furceri

Bin Grace Li

Mrs.Sandra V Lizarazo Ruiz

Mr.Futoshi Narita

Despite sustained economic growth and rapid poverty reductions, income inequality remains stubbornly high in many low-income developing countries. This pattern is a concern as high levels of inequality can impair the sustainability of growth and macroeconomic stability, thereby also limiting countries’ ability to reach the Sustainable Development Goals. This underscores the importance of understanding how policies aimed at boosting economic growth affect income inequality. Using empirical and modeling techniques, the note confirms that macro-structural policies aimed at raising growth payoffs in low-income developing countries can have important distributional consequences, with the impact dependent on both the design of reforms and on country-specific economic characteristics. While there is no one-size-fits-all recipe, the note explores how governments can address adverse distributional consequences of reforms by designing reform packages to make pro-growth policies also more inclusive.

Macro-Structural Policies and Income Inequality in Low-Income Developing Countries

Ms.Catherine A Pattillo

Ms.Yan M Sun

Mrs.Nujin Suphaphiphat

Mr.Andrew J Swiston

Mr.Robert Tchaidze

Valentina Flamini

Ms.Laure Redifer

Mr.Harald Finger

This paper examines water challenges, a growing global concern with adverse economic and social consequences, and discusses economic policy instruments. Water subsidies provided through public utilities are estimated at about $456 billion or 0.6 percent of global GDP in 2012. The paper suggests that getting economic incentives right, notably by reforming water pricing, can go a long way towards encouraging more efficient water use and supporting needed investment, while enabling policies that protect the poor. It also discusses pricing reform options and emphasizes an integrated and holistic approach to manage water, going beyond the water sector itself. The IMF can play a helpful role in ensuring that macroeconomic policies are conducive to sound water management.

Issues in Managing Water Challenges and Policy Instruments

Is the Glass Half Empty Or Half Full?

Ms.Stefania Fabrizio

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