Nima Rezaei

This book explains the immunology of organ-specific malignancies and discusses novel immunotherapy strategies for their treatment. Since the first, very successful edition of the book was published in 2015, a number of entirely new chapters have been included. The range of cancers considered has accordingly been extended, with coverage of the latest immunotherapy approaches for cancers in different organs. In addition, the original chapters have been updated to document the latest advances in immunotherapy for pediatric solid tumors, hematologic malignancies, gastrointestinal tumors, bone tumors, central nervous tumors, lung cancer, genitourinary tract tumors, and breast cancer, among others. The book is published as part of the three-volume Springer series Cancer Immunology, which aims to provide an up-to-date, clinically relevant review of cancer immunology and immunotherapy. Other volumes in the series address the translational medicine context and bench to bedside immunotherapy. Cancer Immunology: Cancer Immunotherapy for Organ-Specific Tumors will be of special value to clinical immunologists, hematologists, and oncologists.

Cancer Immunotherapy for Organ-Specific Tumors

Cancer Immunology

Translational Autoimmunity: Challenges for Autoimmune Diseases, Fifth Edition addresses diagnostic approaches, therapeutic opportunities, and prognostic markers of different autoimmune diseases. This updated volume discusses autotoxicity, systems immunology, the prognostic significance of disease-specific autoantibodies, along with translational research to novel therapeutic policy in autoimmune diseases. From an introduction, to challenges and insights on the systems immunology of infectious and autoimmune diseases, new targets of treatments, and the role of autoantibodies in diagnosis and evolution, this book provides insights on many challenges researchers and clinicians are facing. Describes challenges in the diagnosis, management and treatment of autoimmune diseases Highlights major difficulties in the diagnosis and management of autoimmune diseases Reflects important remediable deficiencies in current management Meets the needs of basic scientists, clinicians and translational scientists and industry partners

Challenges for Autoimmune Diseases

Translational Autoimmunity, Volume 5

Asghar Aghamohammadi

Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) are a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders characterized by different defects in the development and function of the immune system. This book aims to increase the clinical awareness and knowledge of practicing clinicians regarding the diagnosis and management of PIDs. In order to achieve this goal, about 90 cases drawn from real life are presented, along with approximately 300 related questions. The selected case reports are the result of the invaluable cooperation of more than 40 scientists in the field of immunodeficiency. They focus both on the presenting features of patients with PIDs and on the required further investigation and management. Each of the numbered cases is followed by the questions, their answers, and additional discussion. Each question focuses on a particular aspect of the PID under consideration, and the topics covered include clinical diagnosis, laboratory findings, molecular mechanisms, and therapy.

A Problem-Solving Approach

Clinical Cases in Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases

Cancer Immunology is intended as an up-to-date, clinically relevant review of cancer immunology and immunotherapy. This volume focuses on the immunopathology and immunotherapy of organ cancers in detail. It clearly explains their immunology and describes novel immunotherapy for specific cancers, including pediatric solid tumors, hematologic malignancies, gastrointestinal tumors, skin cancers, bone and connective tissue tumors, central nervous system tumors, lung cancers, genitourinary tract tumors and breast cancers. In so doing, it builds on the previous two volumes in Cancer Immunology, placing basic knowledge on tumor immunology and immunotherapy into a clinical perspective with the aim of educating clinicians on advances in cancer immunology and the most recent approaches in the immunotherapy of various tumors. This translational, clinically oriented book will be of special value to clinical immunologists, hematologists and oncologists.

Clinical Immunology not only introduces the reader to the human immune system, it also covers immunology from clinical manifestation to therapeutic approaches in a wide range of conditions. Each chapter describes an introduction, the clinical manifestations, the immunopathogenesis, diagnosis, lab tests and therapeutic approaches. The book guides clinicians, researchers and students to a better understanding of the matters of immunologic-based diseases that can lead to better decision-making for patients. Because of the growing knowledge regarding the function of immune system in health and disease conditions, clinicians, researchers and students increasingly require an exclusive scientific reference to guide them on matters of immunologic-based diseases. Accordingly, despite the existence of numerous high quality references in basic and cellular/molecular immunology which deeply explain different immunologic mechanisms, there is still a knowledge gap in the field of clinical immunology. Provides essentials, updates clinical knowledge regarding immune system diseases, and cover different aspects of clinical immunology, from immunopathogenesis and etiology to diagnosis and treatment Introduces the most advanced approaches and laboratory tests as well as their interpretation in the diagnosis of immune system disorders Focuses on the practical use of clinical immunology, from bedside to bench and vice versa

Clinical Immunology

Because genetic factors can impact immune responses, and immunogenetic associations serve as a predictor of disease development and as a biological indicator of disease progression, the study of immunogenetics is important to basic genetics and immunology, as well as to translational and individualized medicine.This book addresses a few but important issues on the subject of immunogenetics. First, it will review the role that human leukocyte antigen molecules play in the immune system and then take into consideration the effectiveness of Western blotting for the detection of immunologic proteins. The book will discuss studies on the immunogenetics of cancer and tuberculosis followed by implications for immunotherapy. Working separately, the book will also provide evidence that the application of immunogenetics has improved our understanding of brain and behavior disorders.

Immunogenetics

Amene Saghazadeh

The “THINKING: Bioengineering of Science and Art” is to discuss about philosophical aspects of thinking at the context of Science and Art. External representations provide evidence that the fundamental process of thinking exists in both animal subjects and humans. However, the diversity and complexity of thinking in humans is astonishing because humans have been permitted to integrate scientific accounts into their accounts and create excellent illustrations for the effects of this integration. The book necessarily begins with the origins of human thinking and human thinking into self and others, body, and life. Multiple factors tend to modify the pattern of thinking. They all will come into play by this book that brings thinking into different disciplines: humanities, natural sciences, social sciences, formal sciences, and applied sciences. The thinking demands full processing of information, and therefore, the book considers the economy of thinking as well. The book thoroughly intends to explore thinking beyond the boundaries. Specifically, several chapters are devoted to discipline this exploration either by artistic thinking alone or by art and mathematics-aided engineering of complexities. In this manner, the book models variations on thinking at the individual and systems levels and accumulates a list of solutions, each good for specific scenarios and maximal outcomes.

Bioengineering of Science and Art

Thinking

As the autoimmune diseases could affect different organs, Translational Autoimmunity: Autoimmune Diseases in Different Organs addresses the spectrum of autoimmune diseases. The fourth volume of Translational Immunology Series focuses on clinical and laboratory details of autoimmune diseases which are broadly categorized into two types of organ-specific autoimmune diseases and non-organ specific autoimmune diseases (also known as systemic autoimmune diseases). Autoimmune rheumatic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune rheumatic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and thyroid diseases, autoimmune neurologic diseases such as multiple sclerosis, as well as autoimmune hepatobiliary diseases, autoimmune renal diseases and autoimmune cutaneous diseases as the subject of discussion in Translational Autoimmunity: Autoimmune Diseases in Different Organs. Comprises major parts that cover basic immunology, clinical aspects of autoimmunity, and translational immunology studies in autoimmunity Each and every key concept will be mentioned after an easy background is drawn and then, will be supported by a systematic appraisal of the most recent evidence Can help students at all the academic levels while applicable to scientists who work with autoimmunity Designed for learning, teaching, review and testing, practice, and research. Hence, it might be useful for students, teachers and instructors, physicians, and researchers

Autoimmune Diseases in Different Organs

Translational Autoimmunity

Translational Autoimmunity: Etiology of Autoimmune Diseases is the first volume of the Translational Immunology book series. To attain its purpose as a detailed translational step to tackle autoimmunity, this volume sufficiently addresses basic questions on how the immune system is designed to distinguish self from nonself. It discusses the known mechanisms that lead to the maintenance of self-tolerance, presents potential triggers and malfunctions that impede normal immune processes, and demonstrates how the immune system induces an autoreactive state that results in the recognition of self-antigens seen in autoimmune conditions. Includes coverage of basic immunology, the clinical aspects of autoimmunity, and translational immunology studies in autoimmunity Presents key concepts supported by a systematic appraisal of the most recent evidence Assists students at all the academic levels while also being applicable to scientists who work with autoimmunity Designed for learning, teaching, review, testing, practice and research

Etiology of Autoimmune Diseases

Translational Autoimmunity: Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases, Volume Two in the Translational Immunology series, focuses on advances in therapeutic modalities in autoimmune diseases. Efficacy and safety of not only the current biologic therapies, but also novel drug targets are discussed. Therapeutic targeting of B regulatory cells, T regulatory cells, as well as the immunomodulation effects of nanoparticles and organisms are also covered, along with our understanding and future challenges of prognostic significance of treatments in autoimmune diseases. Covers the clinical aspects and treatment of autoimmunite diseases Meets the needs of basic scientists, clinicians and translational scientists and industry partners Mentions each and every key concept after background is drawn Supported by a systematic appraisal of the most recent evidence Helps students at all academic levels, but is also applicable to scientists who work with autoimmunity

Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases

This translational, clinically oriented book describes in detail novel approaches to cancer immunotherapy, current strategies to target tumor immunosuppression, and prognostic biomarkers for personalized cancer treatments. Since the first, very successful edition of the book was published in 2015, the original chapters have been significantly updated and entirely new chapters are included on, for example, cancer immunoprevention, aptamer-mediated cancer gene therapy, haploidentical bone marrow transplantation for pediatric malignancies, and nanoimmunotherapy. The book is published as part of the three-volume Springer series Cancer Immunology, which aims to provide an up-to-date, clinically relevant review of cancer immunology and immunotherapy. Other volumes in the series address the translational medicine context and cancer immunotherapy for organ-specific tumors. Cancer Immunology: Bench to Bedside Immunotherapy of Cancers will be of special value to clinical immunologists, hematologists, and oncologists.

Bench to Bedside Immunotherapy of Cancers

Abass Alavi

Sara Harsini

This book explores the close connection between immunology and nuclear medicine, which has led to radioimmunoimaging and radioimmunotherapy (RIT). Molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is increasingly being used to diagnose, characterize, and monitor disease activity in the context of inflammatory disorders of known and unknown etiology, such as sarcoidosis, atherosclerosis, vasculitis, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and degenerative joint disease. The first chapters discuss the various radiopharmaceutical agents and radiolabeled preparations that have been employed in inflammation imaging. Of these, FDG-PET imaging has been shown to have the great value in the detection of inflammation and has become the centerpiece of several initiatives over the last several years. This very powerful technique will play an increasingly important role in the management of patients with inflammatory conditions in the future. The book also explores the growing role of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The rapid pace of change has been fueled by advances in our understanding of tumor biology, on the one hand, and the development of specifically targeted medical therapies, diagnostic agents, and radiotherapies, on the other. Written by leading international experts in the field, this book is an invaluable tool for nuclear medicine physicians, radiologists, oncologists, and immunologists.

Nuclear Medicine and Immunology

Ahmad Massoud

The rapidity of scientific progress over the last few years guarantees the utility of this new collection of state-of-the-art reviews on the immunology of aging, which is the result of extensive collaboration of more than sixty of the greatest thinkers and scholars in the field, in cooperation with a number of junior colleagues. The book summarizes current knowledge on the cellular and molecular aspects of the aging immune system and their clinical relevance, providing insights into the effects of the aging process on susceptibilities to those diseases most common among elders. The retrieval strategies used to slow down the decline in the immune system in the elderly are another subject detailed extensively. By providing a broad overview of immunosenescence and its consequences, as well as their potential modulation, this book will fill a gap in a timely manner. It will be of value to all immunologists, whether novice or experienced, as well as geriatricians and epidemiologists.

Immunology of Aging

The Immunogenetics of Dermatologic Diseases

Luigi D. Notarangelo

Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) are a group of disorders involving defects in one or more components of the immune system, and are characterized by an increased incidence of infections, autoimmunity, and malignancies. Although PID seem to be rare, the number of patients diagnosed has increased in recent years, and more than 150 different forms of PID have been identified. Nevertheless, because of inadequate medical awareness, a significant number of patients with PID are either not recognized as having a PID or are not diagnosed as early as they should be. Such delays lead to a substantial increase in morbidity and mortality among affected individuals. Our understanding of PID is improving rapidly, which will hopefully lead to more accurate diagnosis and efficient disease management. This book contains the most recent advances in the field, as well as a concise and structured review of previously identified PID. Although the book’s primary focus is on practical diagnosis and management, the pathophysiology of PID is also discussed. This book is a comprehensive yet manageable resource for physicians and nurses wishing to learn more about PID, as well as a useful tool for both doctors-in-training and specialists in clinical decision-making and treatment planning.

Definition, Diagnosis, and Management

Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases

Ali Ghamartale

Shokufe Afzali

Sohrab Zendehboudi

Asphaltene Deposition Control by Chemical Inhibitors: Theoretical and Practical Prospects is the most advanced reference focused on chemical dispersants and inhibitors from both an experimental and modeling viewpoint. Adequate knowledge of the effective parameters in each treatment method, interactions, mechanisms and economic viewpoints involved in asphaltene treatment are crucial for future development, recovery forecast, and reserve prediction, hence this reference delivers on all these aspects. Sections cover the environmental impacts of asphaltene deposition, prevention methods, and experimental methods, both static and dynamic, to test the effectiveness of inhibitors on restricting asphaltene deposition. Rounding out with modeling methods used to simulate asphaltene-inhibitor interactions and a workflow to select suitable inhibitors by technical, economic and environmental considerations, this book will give today’s engineers and researchers the right tool to mitigate formation damage in a sustainably responsible way. Focuses on inhibitors, mitigators and the interplay between the asphaltene-inhibitors Helps readers learn from experimental models and replicate treatments with screening workflows Includes case studies that help readers make sustainable and economically-sound decisions on treatments

Theoretical and Practical Prospects

Asphaltene Deposition Control by Chemical Inhibitors

Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi

Therapeutic cancer vaccines represent a type of active cancer immunotherapy. Clinicians, scientists, and researchers working on cancer treatment require evidence-based and up-to-date resources relating to therapeutic cancer vaccines. Vaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy provides a reference for cancer treatment for clinicians and presents a well-organized resource for determining high-potential research areas. The book considers that this promising modality can be made more feasible as a treatment for cancer. Chapters cover cancer immunology, general approaches to cancer immunotherapy, vaccines, tumor antigens, the strategy of allogeneic and autologous cancer vaccines, personalized vaccines, whole-tumor antigen vaccines, protein and peptide vaccines, dendritic cell vaccines, genetic vaccines, candidate cancers for vaccination, obstacles to developing therapeutic cancer vaccines, combination therapy, future perspectives and concluding remarks on therapeutic cancer vaccines. Introduces the feasible immunotherapeutic vaccines for patients with different types of cancer Presents the status of past and current vaccines for cancer treatment Considers advantages and disadvantages of different therapeutic cancer vaccines Looks at the combination of vaccines and other modalities, including immunotherapeutic and conventional methods Analyzes obstacles to development of therapeutic cancer vaccines Gives a view on future perspectives in the application of therapeutic cancer vaccines

An Evidence-Based Review on Current Status and Future Perspectives

Vaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy

Multiple senses, like multiple intelligences, are a key to brain variability and therefore human evolution. Besides the traditional five senses (vision, olfaction, gustation, audition, and somatosensory), humans can also perceive the body’s own position (the sense of proprioception) and movement (the vestibular sense). Interoception is the feeling one has about the internal physiological conditions of the entire body. Additionally there is a sense of intuition, also known as the sixth sense. Despite their best efforts, researchers are still unable to concur in specifying the nature of the sixth sense; some consider the sense of proprioception as the sixth sense, whereas others prefer to consider that as a part of interoception. This book will provide a scientific system for the human sixth sense using relevant biophysical and neurophysiological evidence. The power of “sixth sense” seems to be underestimated, due to difficulties in defining the concept clearly. According to socioeconomics and neural physics, the sixth sense is that which permits humans to create perception or to enhance the quality of their perception of events. Roughly speaking, the sixth sense engages a metacognitive process through which prior knowledge and the information received from other sensory modalities are synergized. It is not restricted to specific arrow of time and type of mind or to the observer’s body, but it considers all arrows of time (past, present, future), types of mind (conscious and unconscious), and physical bodies (self and other). However it is expected that the observer has specific biases towards what happens now or would happen in the future and its relation to himself. Particularly, humans appeal to the sixth sense on the road to achieving success in social competitions and to reduce uncertainty in complex decision making processes. In addition to evidence linking genetic components to the sixth sense submodalities, there have been developed strategies for increasing the quality of perceptions provided by the sixth sense. Meditation, through which individuals try to be detached from the world, increases gamma-band activity and that increased gamma-band activity is found following top-down processing. Therefore it can be inferred that the detachment from the environment may enhance synchronization of the wave functions in favor of strengthening the sixth sense. It can serve as the mechanism of enhancement of the sixth sense in those whose sensory systems are intact, it can also serve as the mechanism of compensation in those who have sensory deficiencies. In the latter case, it in fact encourages creativity in the use of relatively strong senses. This justifies Beethoven's deafness and his great musical creativity or Bramblitt's blindness and his enormous capability to paint and many other similar examples. In summary, the present book is divided into five parts. Part 1 (chapters 1-6) provides information about the system of proprioception and its neurophysiology and biophysics. Part 2 (chapters 7-10) examines the system of interoception. The information provided in these two parts would enable us to move towards the next three parts of the story, aimed at developing a scientific system of the sixth sense. The first chapter of part 3 begins with concepts and uses them to arrive at reasonable conclusion that there must be a sense that requires multistep information processing and that is separate from the sense of proprioception and the sense of interoception. Such sense is commonly known as the sixth sense. However it should be re-numbered because the sense of proprioception is already known as the sixth sense. The second chapter of this part is to draw neurocircuitry that innervates the sixth sense in the mind of a man, while the third chapter would address the questions whether the sixth sense system requires an optimal competence or consciousness of mind to function properly and if so which is the optimal state: conscious or unconscious and competence or incompetence. In the fourth chapter of this part, we will focus on the self-other mergence as a pivotal step of the sixth sense system. The next chapter would be of great interest to neurobiologists. It talks about that the human sixth sense of the unseen world, either the unseen arrow of time or the unseen events, requires creativity and therefore the human sixth sense should be considered a source of creativity, variability and thus evolution. In the sixth chapter, the sixth sense is viewed as an economic activity stimulated by social environments. This chapter arisen from the fact that humans are full of enthusiasm to heighten their sixth sense and its accuracy and that they owe their enthusiasm largely to achieving the best possible profit and in other words to wining intense competitions in their life holds mainly on the concept of elasticity. Finally this part is finished by an amazing discussion on the art of the sixth sense. The first chapter of part 4 discusses physical theories that support the existence of sixth sense in the universe. The next chapter is to apply the Bayes’ theory to the sixth sense, leading to the conclusion that the sixth sense improves multisensory integration through optimizing uncertainty of information received from other sensory modalities. Chapter three in this part would address whether relative timing is applicable to the sixth sense like other senses. The last part of book aimed at directly discussing the sixth sense into the context of human health and behavior is organized into four chapters. The first chapter is to discuss neurodevelopmental changes in the sixth sense, while the second and third ones will discuss that in relation to psychiatric and neurological disorders. The most striking question how much power the sixth sense the sixth sense have over human health and behavior is addressed in the fourth chapter of this part and final chapter of book, which will be prepared using neural network models and sophisticated portraits possible for the system of sixth sense.

Biophysics and Neurophysiology of the Sixth Sense

Hassan Abolhassani

Reza Yazdani

Awareness among clinicians about PIDs, which consist of more than 400 different entities, plays an important role in ensuring that patients receive a timely diagnosis. Furthermore, clinicians who are educated about PIDs can give their patients access to optimal management of their condition, thus helping the patient achieve a better quality-of-life and long-term prognosis. Inborn Errors of Immunity: A Practical Guide provides the most up-to-date information for busy students, nurses, clinical residents, practicing physicians, and even basic researchers. Readers will benefit from a well-structured breakdown of complicated PID diseases, including approaches to their clinical signs/symptoms and immunologic/laboratory findings. Presents valuable contribution of more than 40 expert chapter authors, from top centers spanning five continents, each in a specific PID field • Covers various aspects of PID using updated clinical guidelines and standard stepwise pipelines • Focuses on the latest developments in the molecular diagnosis and pathogenesis of diseases, with easy explanation and schematic representation of defective signaling pathways • Includes dedicated sections for clinical features and immunological tests with carefully-curated figures of PID manifestations, imaging, and histological/pathological illustrations to create the first PID medial-color atlas • Summarizes the updated conventional and specific treatments and follow-up notes for different PID diseases

A Practical Guide

Inborn Errors of Immunity

The INTEGRATED SCIENCE Book series aims to publish the results of the most updated ideas and reviews in transdisciplinarity fields, to highlight the integration of different disciplines, including formal sciences, physical-chemical sciences, engineering, biological sciences, medical sciences, and social sciences. The whole world is suffering from complex problems; these are borderless problems; so, a borderless solution could be the solution for such complex problems. The INTEGRATED SCIENCE: Science without Borders is the first volume of the INTEGRATED SCIENCE Book series. It focuses on the human as an integrated system and finding solutions for the problems facing humanity. For its purpose, it introduces a kind of science, which is called integrated science and portrays results from every effort trying to integrate separate subjects. Integration of science with integral human knowledge, ancient science with modern science, and quantity with quality are a few examples of such efforts. Some difficulty might, however, lie in integrating knowledge systems. In this edited book, art and artificial intelligence reveal to us their different methods of work to overcome ambitions and become applicable to the world system full of unpredictable challenges. Art offers a lens to see the beauty of infinite complexity. The resultant artistic background would permit the perfect programming and bioengineering of biological systems, which we could never do by direct eye viewing. Networking is the spot where the crossing of formal, biological, medical, and social sciences with artificial intelligence takes place. By working within a network, individual thinking to the old unresolved problems reduces to simulation and bioengineering, a relatively effortless route for innovation, creativity, and altruism. In this manner, it would be understandable that there is an obvious way to speed up the growth of science that is, moving on the edge of the intersection between knowledge-based systems. The INTEGRATED SCIENCE Book series is to provide an overview of the essential elements of integrated science. The unique aspect of this series, privileging it from other books, is covering all aspects of science as a true one nature.

Nima Rezaei

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