Peter Auer

Stefan Pfänder

This volume embarks on an exploration of the processual and dynamic character of grammatical constructions in emergence, both from an ‘emergent’ and an ‘emerging’ perspective. ‘Emerging’ constructions develop out of their discourse contexts. Talking of emerging constructions is compatible with a view of grammar as a stable system of rules and structures which may ‘emerge’ (i.e., come into existence) out of a pool of previously unordered elements. ‘Emergent’ constructions on the contrary are due to the on-line production of grammar in time. The term ‘emergent’ emphasises the fact that a grammatical structure is always temporary and ephemeral. In both senses, grammar is modelled as a highly adaptive resource for interaction. On the basis of empirical studies on spoken English, German, Hebrew, Swedish and French, the volume addresses the following questions: How can what initially appears to be construction x end up being construction y in on-line syntax? What are the local interactional needs which such processes respond to in the process of their emergence? Does the on-line (re-)modelling of a construction concern its syntactic or semantic side ‑ or both? And finally: Should emergent grammatical structures as they unfold in real time be seen as stages in the emerging of grammar?

Emerging and Emergent

Constructions

Yael Maschler

This book, situated within the framework of Comparative Interactional Linguistics, explores a family of fourteen discourse markers across the languages of Europe and beyond (Yiddish, Hebrew, Russian, Polish, Romani, Estonian, Finnish, Upper Saxonian and Standard German, Dutch, Icelandic, and Swedish), arguing that they go back to one, possibly two, particles: NU/NÅ. Each chapter analyzes the use of one of the NU/NÅ family members in a particular language, usually on the basis of conversational data, feeding into a comprehensive chapter on the structure, function, and history of these particles. The approach taken in this volume broadens the functional linguistic concept of ‘structure’ to include the sequential positioning of the particles and their composition, and the concept of ‘function’ to include the conversational actions performed in interaction. Employing conversation analytic methodology thus enables a study of the ways these particles acquire meaning within certain sequential and action environments -- both cross-linguistically and with regard to the grammaticization of the particles. All this sheds light on the borrowing patterns of NU/NÅ across the languages. With contributions by Peter Auer, Galina B. Bolden, Gonen Dori-Hacohen, Andrea Golato, Harrie Mazeland, Auli Hakulinen, Helga Hilmisdóttir, Leelo Keevallik, Hanna Lehti-Eklund, Anna Lindström, Yael Maschler, Yaron Matras, Gertrud Reershemius, Mirja Saari, Lea Sawicki, Marja-Leena Sorjonen, Heidi Vepsäläinen and Matylda Weidner.

A Family of Discourse Markers Across the Languages of Europe and Beyond

NU / NÅ

Harald Baßler

Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten spielt sich heute zunehmend im internationalen Kontext ab, wie unter anderem die große Bedeutung des Englischen belegt. Die Muster wissenschaftlichen Schreibens und Sprechens verändern sich unter diesem Einfluss. Anhand verschiedener Textsorten wie Zeitschriftenartikel, Vortrag, Abstract oder Diskussionsbeitrag werden die Eigenarten der Wissenschaftskommunikation sowie ihre historischen Veränderungen herausgearbeitet. Die Untersuchung wechselseitiger Einflüsse zwischen dem deutschen, angloamerikanischen, französischen und dem russischen Wissenschaftsstil schließt den Band ab.

Reden und Schreiben in der Wissenschaft

JÃ1⁄4rgen Erich Schmidt

The dimensions of time and space fundamentally cause and shape the variability of all human language. To reduce investigation of this insight to manageable proportions, researchers have traditionally concentrated on the deepest dialects. But it is increasingly apparent that, although most people still speak with a distinct regional coloring, the new mobility of speakers in recently industrialized and postindustrial societies and the efflorescence of communication technologies cannot be ignored. This has given rise to a reconsideration of the relationship between geographical place and cultural space, and the fundamental link between language and a spatially bounded territory. Language and Space: An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation seeks to take full account of these developments in a comprehensive, theoretically rich way. The introductory volume examines the concept of space and linguistic approaches to it, the structure and dynamics of language spaces, and relevant research methods. A second volume offers the first thorough exploration of the interplay between linguistic investigation and cartography, and subsequent volumes uniformly document the state of research into the spatial dimension of particular language groupings. Key features: comprehensive coverage of the field in terms of theory and methods the unique volume stands alone, since it neither is a handbook of dialectology or of areal linguistics, nor a handbook on language variation alone gathers together a great number of distinguished scholars and experts in the field"

Theories and Methods

Alexander Clark

Sandra Zilles

Thomas Zeugmann

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Algorithmic Learning Theory, ALT 2014, held in Bled, Slovenia, in October 2014, and co-located with the 17th International Conference on Discovery Science, DS 2014. The 21 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 50 submissions. In addition the book contains 4 full papers summarizing the invited talks. The papers are organized in topical sections named: inductive inference; exact learning from queries; reinforcement learning; online learning and learning with bandit information; statistical learning theory; privacy, clustering, MDL, and Kolmogorov complexity.

25th International Conference, ALT 2014, Bled, Slovenia, October 8-10, 2014, Proceedings

Algorithmic Learning Theory

International Labour Office

Are job losses and the degradation of working conditions in the developed world due to globalization and the offshoring of jobs? Contrary to popular beliefs and fears, most economic analysis evaluating the long-term and global implications of the internationalization of employment does not support this view. Yet for workers who have been displaced, a positive global impact does not remove their immediate loss. This study discusses a paradox: globalization may have enhanced the overall well-being of those countries that have participated, and reduced poverty worldwide, but it looks more and more like a monster that devours jobs, as there are few mechanisms to compensate those that have suffered. The book analyzes trends and patterns in the internationalization of employment, looks at losers and winners, and proposes new policies of compensation.

A Challenge for a Fair Globalization?

Offshoring and the Internationalization of Employment

Robert W. Murray

Hermann Paul's Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte served as the most important codification and development of Neogrammarian thought for more than four decades. Four well-known linguists have translated specially selected chapters of the Prinzipien into English and provide their reflections on Hermann Paul's contribution on a range of topics.

Translations and Reflections

Hermann Paul's 'Principles of Language History' Revisited

Martin Hilpert

Benedikt Szmrecsanyi

Anja Stukenbrock

This book brings together three perspectives on language and space that are quite well-researched within themselves, but which so far are lacking productive interconnections. Specifically, the book aims to interconnect the following research areas: Language, space, and geography Grammar, space, and cognition Language and interactional spaces The contributions in this book cover geographical language variation within and across languages, language use in stationary and mobile interactional spaces, computer-mediated communication, and spatial reasoning across languages. This range of issues showcases the thematic and methodological breadth of research on language and space. In order to identify interconnections, the respective contributions are accompanied by commentaries that highlight common threads.

Geographical, Interactional, and Cognitive Perspectives

Space in Language and Linguistics

Code-switching and related phenomena have met with linguists' increasing interest over the last decade. However, much of the research has been restricted to the structural (grammatical) properties of the use of two languages in conversation; scholars who have tried to capture the interactive meaning of switching have often failed to go beyond more or less anecdotal descriptions of individual, particularly striking, cases. The book bridges this gap by providing a coherent, comprehensive and generative model for language alternation, drawing on recent trends and methods in conversational analysis. The empirical basis is the speech of Italian migrant children in Constance, Germany.

Bilingual Conversation

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference on Learning Theory, COLT 2005, held in Bertinoro, Italy in June 2005. The 45 revised full papers together with three articles on open problems presented were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 120 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on: learning to rank, boosting, unlabeled data, multiclass classification, online learning, support vector machines, kernels and embeddings, inductive inference, unsupervised learning, generalization bounds, query learning, attribute efficiency, compression schemes, economics and game theory, separation results for learning models, and survey and prospects on open problems.

18th Annual Conference on Learning Theory, COLT 2005, Bertinoro, Italy, June 27-30, 2005, Proceedings

Learning Theory

Das Phänomen Sprache und seine aktuelle Erforschung. Sprachwissenschaft umfasst mehr als nur Grundlegendes wie Laute, Wörter und Sätze. Daher greift das Lehrbuch über die grammatischen Disziplinen hinaus zahlreiche Themen auf, die das Interesse für das Fach Linguistik wecken: sprachliche Interaktion, Variation und Wandel, Sprachkontakt und Mehrsprachigkeit, Sprache und Kultur, Ursprung der Sprache u. a. Das große Format und das zweifarbige Layout erleichtern den Überblick. Umfassend und kompakt ideal für BA-Studierende.

Grammatik – Interaktion – Kognition

Sprachwissenschaft

Li Wei

This volume is an up-to-date, concise introduction to bilingualism and multilingualism in schools, in the workplace, and in international institutions in a globalized world. The authors use a problem-solving approach and ask broad questions about bilingualism and multilingualism in society, including the question of language acquisition versus maintenance of bilingualism. Key features: provides a state-of-the-art description of different areas in the context of multilingualism and multilingual communication presents a critical appraisal of the relevance of the field, offers solutions of everyday language-related problems international handbook with contributions from renown experts in the field

Handbook of Multilingualism and Multilingual Communication

The dimensions of time and space fundamentally cause and shape the variability of all human language. To reduce investigation of this insight to manageable proportions, researchers have traditionally concentrated on the deepest dialects. But it is increasingly apparent that, although most people still speak with a distinct regional coloring, the new mobility of speakers in recently industrialized and postindustrial societies and the efflorescence of communication technologies cannot be ignored. This has given rise to a reconsideration of the relationship between geographical place and cultural space, and the fundamental link between language and a spatially bounded territory. Language and Space: An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation seeks to take full account of these developments in a comprehensive, theoretically rich way. The introductory volume examines the concept of space and linguistic approaches to it, the structure and dynamics of language spaces, and relevant research methods. A second volume offers the first thorough exploration of the interplay between linguistic investigation and cartography, and subsequent volumes uniformly document the state of research into the spatial dimension of particular language groupings. Key features: comprehensive coverage of the field in terms of theory and methods the unique volume stands alone, since it neither is a handbook of dialectology or of areal linguistics, nor a handbook on language variation alone gathers together a great number of distinguished scholars and experts in the field "

An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation. Theories and methods

Language and Space

This volume presents an interactional perspective on linguistic variability that takes into account the construction of social identities through the formation of social communicative styles. It shows that style is a useful category in bridging the gap between single parameter variation and social identity. Social positioning, i.e., finding one's place in society, is one of its motivating forces. Various aspects of the expression of stylistic features are focused on, from language choice and linguistic variation in a narrow sense to practices of social categorization, pragmatics patterns, preferences for specific communicative genres, rhetorical practices including prosodic features, and aesthetic choices and preferences for specific forms of taste (looks, clothes, music, etc.). These various features of expression are connected to multimodal stylistic indices through talk; thus, styles emerge from discourse. Styles are adapted to changing contexts, and develop in the course of social processes. The analytical perspective chosen proposes an alternative to current approaches to variability under the influence of the so-called variationist paradigm.

Alternative Approaches to Linguistic Heterogeneity

Style and Social Identities

Peter Gilles

Helmut Spiekermann

Der Sammelband thematisiert phonetische und phonologische Aspekte der prosodischen Konzepte 'Silbenschnitt' und 'Tonakzente'. Silbenschnitt bezeichnet die Art und Weise, wie ein Vokal durch einen nachfolgenden Konsonanten modifiziert ('geschnitten') wird. Das Silbenschnittkonzept ist damit ein prosodischer Erkldrungsansatz, der den stdrker segmentell ausgerichteten Konzepten wie z.B. Vokalquantitdt bzw. -qualitdt entgegengestellt werden kann. Tonakzente etablieren lexikalisch-phonologische Kontraste auf der Ebene des Wortes mit Hilfe kontrastierender Intonationsverldufe. Der Sammelband prdsentiert neue Ergebnisse zu Silbenschnitt und Tonakzenten aus folgenden Bereichen: historische Phonologie und Graphemik, Dialektologie, autosegmentale Phonologie, akustische Phonetik und Sprachtypologie.

Silbenschnitt und Tonakzente

Die Reihe Studia Linguistica Germanica (SLG), 1968 von Ludwig Erich Schmitt und Stefan Sonderegger begründet, ist ein renommiertes Publikationsorgan der germanistischen Linguistik. Die Reihe verfolgt das Ziel, mit dem Schwerpunkt auf sprach- und wissenschaftshistorischen Fragestellungen die gesamte Bandbreite des Faches zu repräsentieren. Dazu zählen u. a. Arbeiten zur historischen Grammatik und Semantik des Deutschen, zum Verhältnis von Sprache und Kultur, zur Geschichte der Sprachtheorie, zur Dialektologie, Lexikologie/Lexikographie, Textlinguistik und zur Einbettung des Deutschen in den europäischen Sprachkontext.

eine Untersuchung zur Standard/Dialekt-Variation am Beispiel der Konstanzer Stadtsprache

Phonologie der Alltagssprache

Advances in Energy Systems and Technology present the first volume of articles that provides a critical review of specific topics within the general field of energy. It discusses the technological issues in a broader systems context. It addresses the technical factors underlying energy developments. Some of the topics covered in the book are the introduction and development of wind power, the production of fuels from biomass, biomass conversion, aerodynamics, sources of biomass, and the technologies used to obtain energy from biomass. The analysis of the ethanol fermentation is covered. The process of pyrolysis is discussed. The text describes the anaerobic digestion of organic substrates. The alcohol production from sugar cane is presented. A chapter is devoted to the fuel production from pyrolysis of wastes. Another section focuses on the conversion of forest products to electric power and generation of geothermal energy. The book can provide useful information to scientists, engineers, students, and researchers.

Advances in Energy Systems and Technology

Frank Müller

Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen

The authors here promote the reintroduction of temporality into the description and analysis of spoken interaction. They argue that spoken words are, in fact, temporal objects and that unless linguists consider how they are delivered within the context of time, they will not capture the full meaning of situated language use. Their approach is rigorously empirical, with analyses of English, German, and Italian rhythm, all grounded in sequences of actual talk-in-interaction.

The Rhythm and Tempo of Spoken Interaction

Language in Time

Aldo Di Luzio

This volume suggests a novel treatment of context in the analysis of everyday interaction. On a theoretical level, it advocates a switch of focus from 'context' as a preestablished, monolithic category which constringes co-participants' verbal and nonverbal behaviour, to an active notion of 'contextualization' in order to make oneself understood, participants have to establish and maintain those shared contextual frames which in turn are relevant to the local interpretation of their verbal and nonverbal activities. On an empirical level, the volume contains exemplary analyses that show how participants employ 'contextualization cues' of prosodic (rhythm, intonation, tempo, etc.) or nonverbal (gaze, gesture, etc.) nature in order to 'achieve context'.The volume is also an appraisal of the theory of contextualization developed by John Gumperz. In their contributions, researchers from various schools of research, such as conversation analysis, micro-ethnography, phonetics/phonology and metapragmatics, relate their work to this theory.

Peter Auer

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