Peter Godfrey-Smith

Although mammals and birds are widely regarded as the smartest creatures on earth, it has lately become clear that a very distant branch of the tree of life has also sprouted higher intelligence: the cephalopods, consisting of the squid, the cuttlefish, and above all the octopus. In captivity, octopuses have been known to identify individual human keepers, raid neighboring tanks for food, turn off lightbulbs by spouting jets of water, plug drains, and make daring escapes. How is it that a creature with such gifts evolved through an evolutionary lineage so radically distant from our own? What does it mean that evolution built minds not once but at least twice? The octopus is the closest we will come to meeting an intelligent alien. What can we learn from the encounter? In Other Minds, Peter Godfrey-Smith, a distinguished philosopher of science and a skilled scuba diver, tells a bold new story of how subjective experience crept into being—how nature became aware of itself. As Godfrey-Smith stresses, it is a story that largely occurs in the ocean, where animals first appeared. Tracking the mind’s fitful development, Godfrey-Smith shows how unruly clumps of seaborne cells began living together and became capable of sensing, acting, and signaling. As these primitive organisms became more entangled with others, they grew more complicated. The first nervous systems evolved, probably in ancient relatives of jellyfish; later on, the cephalopods, which began as inconspicuous mollusks, abandoned their shells and rose above the ocean floor, searching for prey and acquiring the greater intelligence needed to do so. Taking an independent route, mammals and birds later began their own evolutionary journeys. But what kind of intelligence do cephalopods possess? Drawing on the latest scientific research and his own scuba-diving adventures, Godfrey-Smith probes the many mysteries that surround the lineage. How did the octopus, a solitary creature with little social life, become so smart? What is it like to have eight tentacles that are so packed with neurons that they virtually “think for themselves”? What happens when some octopuses abandon their hermit-like ways and congregate, as they do in a unique location off the coast of Australia? By tracing the question of inner life back to its roots and comparing human beings with our most remarkable animal relatives, Godfrey-Smith casts crucial new light on the octopus mind—and on our own.

The Octopus, the Sea, and the Deep Origins of Consciousness

Other Minds

The scuba-diving philosopher who wrote Other Minds explores the origins of animal consciousness In his acclaimed 2016 book Other Minds, the philosopher and scuba diver Peter Godfrey-Smith explored the mind of the octopus—the closest thing to an intelligent alien on earth, as he put it. In Metazoa, Godfrey-Smith expands his inquiry to animals at large, investigating the evolution of subjective awareness with the assistance of the far flung species he has met undersea. Combining vivid animal encounters with philosophical reflections and the latest news from biology, Metazoa reveals that even in our hi-tech, AI-driven times, there is no understanding minds without understanding nerves, muscles, and our active bodies. The result is a story as rich and vibrant as life itself, one that explains the mystery of animal consciousness in accessible and riveting prose.

Animal Life and the Birth of the Mind

Metazoa

An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science (Science and Its Conceptual Foundations series)

Theory and Reality

‘Brilliant’ Guardian ‘Fascinating and often delightful’ The Times SHORTLISTED FOR THE 2017 ROYAL SOCIETY SCIENCE BOOK PRIZE What if intelligent life on Earth evolved not once, but twice? The octopus is the closest we will come to meeting an intelligent alien. What can we learn from the encounter?

Other Minds: The Octopus and the Evolution of Intelligent Life

An essential introduction to the philosophy of biology This is a concise, comprehensive, and accessible introduction to the philosophy of biology written by a leading authority on the subject. Geared to philosophers, biologists, and students of both, the book provides sophisticated and innovative coverage of the central topics and many of the latest developments in the field. Emphasizing connections between biological theories and other areas of philosophy, and carefully explaining both philosophical and biological terms, Peter Godfrey-Smith discusses the relation between philosophy and science; examines the role of laws, mechanistic explanation, and idealized models in biological theories; describes evolution by natural selection; and assesses attempts to extend Darwin's mechanism to explain changes in ideas, culture, and other phenomena. Further topics include functions and teleology, individuality and organisms, species, the tree of life, and human nature. The book closes with detailed, cutting-edge treatments of the evolution of cooperation, of information in biology, and of the role of communication in living systems at all scales. Authoritative and up-to-date, this is an essential guide for anyone interested in the important philosophical issues raised by the biological sciences.

Philosophy of Biology

The book examines the relationship between intelligence and environmental complexity.

Complexity and the Function of Mind in Nature

Altre menti. Il polpo, il mare e le remote origini della coscienza

Darwinian populations and natural selection

Hur bläckfisken började tänka

Djupsinne

Combinando história natural e filosofia, Peter Godfrey-Smith conta uma nova história da consciência e traz ao centro do debate um dos mais fascinantes membros do reino animal: o polvo. Embora os mamíferos e as aves sejam considerados as criaturas mais inteligentes da Terra, tem se tornado cada vez mais claro que um ramo muito distante da árvore da vida também gerou uma inteligência superior: os cefalópodes, grupo do qual fazem parte os polvos. Sabemos que em cativeiro eles identificam pessoas, atacam tanques vizinhos para roubar comida, tapam drenos e realizam fugas ousadas. Em Outras mentes, Peter Godfrey-Smith, filósofo da ciência e mergulhador, mostra como organismos primitivos no oceano se tornaram complexos e adquiriram a inteligência necessária para sobreviver. Como o polvo, uma criatura solitária com pouca vida social, se tornou tão inteligente? Comparando os seres humanos com nossos notáveis parentes animais, o autor lança uma nova e crucial luz sobre a mente dos polvos – e, por consequência, da nossa própria consciência.

O Polvo e a origem da consciência

Outras Mentes

El libro del año para mentes curiosas, lo más parecido a un encuentro alienígena. «Una fabulosa mezcla de encuentros a lo Cousteau con cefalópodos, apasionantes discusiones científicas y reflexión filosófica. Maravillosamente escrito, estimulante y audaz.» Olivia Judson, The Atlantic En una rama muy distante de la nuestra en el árbol de las especies surgió otra mente elevada: la de los cefalópodos. Pero, ¿qué clase de inteligencia poseen estos animales? ¿Cómo desarrolló tal inteligencia el pulpo, criatura de escasa vida social y longevidad de apenas dos años? Otras mentes es una nueva y audaz historia de cómo la naturaleza se hizo consciente de sí misma, un relato que transcurre en gran medida en el mar. Peter Godfrey-Smith, distinguido filósofo de la ciencia y hábil buceador, describe sus impresionantes encuentros con octópodos y las travesuras perpetradas por pulpos cautivos al tiempo que traza el asombroso viaje evolutivo de los cefalópodos, una ruta alejada de la que más tarde tomaríamos los mamíferos. Una inmersión profunda y excepcionalmente reveladora en los orígenes de la experiencia subjetiva. Críticas: «El tema es tan asombroso que es difícil no sentirse seducido, como le pasó al propio autor cuando le extendió una mano a un pulpo y éste se acercó para devolverle el toque, en clara señal de interés.» Irene Wanner, The Seattle Times «Fascinante. Después de leer este libro, parafraseando a Byron, "no amarás menos al hombre, sino más a los cefalópodos".» Callum Roberts, The Washington Post «El filósofo Godfrey-Smith combina hábilmente ciencia, filosofía y sus propias experiencias nadando entre estos animales tentaculares para iluminar el origen y la naturaleza de la conciencia.» The Economist «Godfrey-Smith se ha impuesto un doble reto: por un lado, recoger todo lo que sabemos sobre la conducta y el conocimiento de los pulpos y, por otro, mostrar por qué esta información es a su vez un reto de cara a nuestra concepción filosófica y científica de la mente. El resultado es de lo más convincente.» Science «Si esto es filosofía, funciona. Godfrey-Smith es uno de esos filósofos que buscan pistas en el mundo. Sabio y curioso, nunca resulta dogmático y es sorprendentemente agudo.» Carl Safina, The New York Times Book Review «Godfrey-Smith enlaza hábilmente historia evolutiva y biología con los debates filosóficos más amplios sobre la naturaleza.» Nick Romeo, The Chicago Tribune «Una magistral combinación de historia natural, filosofía y curiosidad. De lectura obligada para cualquier persona interesada en la evolución de la mente.» Jennifer Ackerman, autora de El ingenio de los pájaros «Una deslumbrante muestra de la mejor pop science. Increíblemente revelador y divertido.» Meehan Crist, Los Angeles Times

Otras mentes. El pulpo, el mar y los orígenes profundos de la consciencia

Il possède un énorme cerveau – quasiment autant de neurones qu’un chat – localisé en partie dans ses huit bras. Il « voit » et « goûte » avec la peau, dont la couleur change instantanément pour mieux le camoufler. Dépourvu d’os, il se faufile à travers la moindre fente – oubliez les cages ! Il joue, adore collectionner les objets, apprend de ses erreurs comme de ses succès et reconnaît les humains... Ce prince des profondeurs, c’est le poulpe, dont on commence simplement à mesurer l’intelligence que Charles Darwin avait déjà pressentie. Mais il y a plus extraordinaire encore... En explorant Octopolis, une étrange cité sous-marine fondée par des poulpes, Peter Godfrey-Smith découvre des animaux capables d’interactions complexes et dotés de surprenantes personnalités. Sa vie bascule soudain lorsqu’une seiche le regarde au plus profond de l’âme : mais que nous disent donc ces êtres ? Se pourrait-il que nous ne soyons pas la seule branche du vivant à disposer d’un « moi » intérieur ? Et si oui, de quelle conscience témoignent les poulpes, seiches, calmars et autres céphalopodes ? Une fascinante rencontre du troisième type, qui éclaire en filigrane l’émergence d’une autre intelligence, la nôtre.

Le prince des profondeurs

Il possède un énorme cerveau − quasiment autant de neurones qu’un chat − localisé en partie dans ses huit bras. Il « voit » et « goûte » avec la peau, dont la couleur change instantanément pour mieux le camoufler. Dépourvu d’os, il se faufile à travers la moindre fente. Il joue, adore collectionner les objets, apprend de ses erreurs et reconnaît les humains... Ce prince des profondeurs, c’est le poulpe, dont on prend aujourd’hui la mesure de l’intelligence, déjà pressentie par Charles Darwin. Mais il y a plus extraordinaire encore... En explorant Octopolis, une étrange cité sous-marine fondée par des poulpes, Peter Godfrey-Smith découvre des animaux capables d’interactions complexes et dotés de surprenantes personnalités. De quelle conscience témoignent-ils ? Se pourrait-il que nous ne soyons pas la seule branche du vivant à disposer d’un « moi » intérieur ? Que nous apprennent ces céphalopodes sur notre propre intelligence ? Une fascinante rencontre du troisième type.

Le prince des profondeurs. L'intelligence exceptionnelle des poulpes

O livro nos conduz por uma viagem pela evolução do corpo animal para defender a tese de que a consciência não apareceu de uma hora para outra, e sim de maneira gradual, em todo tipo de criatura, ao longo de milhões de anos. Depois de investigar a inteligência dos polvos em Outras mentes, o autor visita personagens como esponjas-de-vidro e camarões-palhaço para mostrar o que as suas adaptações ao ambiente podem revelar sobre os mistérios do self.

A vida animal e o despertar da mente

This is a concise, comprehensive, and accessible introduction to the philosophy of biology written by a leading authority on the subject. Geared to philosophers, biologists, and students of both, the book provides sophisticated and innovative coverage of the central topics and many of the latest developments in the field. Emphasizing connections between biological theories and other areas of philosophy, and carefully explaining both philosophical and biological terms, Peter Godfrey-Smith discusses the relation between philosophy and science; examines the role of laws, mechanistic explanation, and idealized models in biological theories; describes evolution by natural selection; and assesses attempts to extend Darwin's mechanism to explain changes in ideas, culture, and other phenomena. Further topics include functions and teleology, individuality and organisms, species, the tree of life, and human nature. The book closes with detailed, cutting-edge treatments of the evolution of cooperation, of information in biology, and of the role of communication in living systems at all scales. Authoritative and up-to-date, this is an essential guide for anyone interested in the important philosophical issues raised by the biological sciences.

Arnon Levy

The imagination, our capacity to entertain thoughts and ideas "in the mind's eye," is indispensable in science as elsewhere in human life. Indeed, common scientific practices such as modeling and idealization rely on the imagination to construct simplified, stylized scenarios essential for scientific understanding. Yet the philosophy of science has traditionally shied away from according an important role to the imagination, wary of psychologizing fundamental scientific concepts like explanation and justification. In recent years, however, advances in thinking about creativity and fiction, and their relation to theorizing and understanding, have prompted a move away from older philosophical perspectives and toward a greater acknowledgement of the place of the imagination in scientific practice. Meanwhile, psychologists have engaged in significant experimental work on the role of the imagination in causal thinking and probabilistic reasoning. The Scientific Imagination delves into this burgeoning area of debate at the intersection of the philosophy and practice of science, bringing together the work of leading researchers in philosophy and psychology. Philosophers discuss such topics as modeling, idealization, metaphor and explanation, examining their role within science as well as how they affect questions in metaphysics, epistemology and philosophy of language. Psychologists discuss how our imaginative capacities develop and how they work, their relationships with processes of reasoning, and how they compare to related capacities, such as categorization and counterfactual thinking. Together, these contributions combine to provide a comprehensive and exciting picture of the scientific imagination.

The Scientific Imagination

The scuba-diving philosopher and bestselling author of Other Minds explores the origins of animal consciousness.

Metazoa: Animal Minds and the Birth of Consciousness

Die Begegnung mit Kraken in den Tiefen des Meeres wird zum Ausgangspunkt dieser faszinierend erzählten Evolutionsgeschichte des Bewusstseins, die sich unabhängig voneinander zweimal ereignete: Kraken und Wirbeltiere haben gemeinsame Vorfahren, und doch entwickelte sich ihre Intelligenz völlig unabhängig voneinander. Godfrey-Smith geht der Frage nach, wie Oktopusse so intelligent werden konnten, und welcher Art ihre Intelligenz ist, die nicht in einem zentralen Gehirn steckt, sondern in ihren Tentakeln. In der Begegnung mit ihnen finden wir mehr über uns selbst heraus - und wenn es einen ganz anderen, einen "außerirdischen" Geist gibt, dem wir begegnen können, dann finden wir ihn in den Oktopussen. "Peter Godfrey-Smiths Buch bringt uns das Bewusstsein der Cephalodien und die Geschichte unseres eigenen Bewusstseins näher, Tentakel für Tentakel." - Sloane Crosley, Vanity Fair "Wenn das Philosophie ist, dann funktioniert es überaus gut: Peter Godfrey-Smith ist nie dogmatisch, aber erschreckend scharfsinnig." - Carl Safina, The New York Times Book Review

Peter Godfrey-Smith

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