Peter Schäfer

Antisemitismus ist wieder sichtbar, teils offen, teils versteckt hinter «unbedachten » Äußerungen und Israelkritik. Doch wo beginnt der Antisemitismus, und wie neu ist, was wir heute erleben? Peter Schäfer beschreibt klar und konzise, wie sich seit der Antike antisemitische Stereotype verbreiteten, zu Verfolgung und Vernichtung führten und auch nach der Shoah virulent sind. Sein umfassender, souveräner Überblick macht eindringlich deutlich, warum der Antisemitismus so alt und zugleich so aktuell ist. Schon in der vorchristlichen Antike gab es Judenhass, Ghettos und Pogrome, doch erst die neutestamentlichen Schriften schufen mit ihrer Gegnerschaft zum Judentum die Voraussetzungen für Ritualmordlegenden und Verfolgungen im christlichen Mittelalter. Luther rief zur Auslöschung der «Teufelskinder» auf, die Aufklärer fanden das Judentum unvernünftig, Wissenschaftler begründeten den Judenhass rassistisch, und allzu viele waren bereit, sich an der «Endlösung der Judenfrage» zu beteiligen oder schauten lieber weg. Man könnte meinen, dass der Schock des Massenmordes heilsam war, doch Antizionismus und rechte Ideologien dringen seit Jahren mit antisemitischem Gepäck in die Mitte der Gesellschaft vor und bereiten den Boden für neue Gewalt. Peter Schäfers erhellendes Buch ist Pflichtlektüre für alle, die besser verstehen wollen, warum der Antisemitismus so alt und zugleich so aktuell ist und was er für Juden in der Nachbarschaft, in Israel und überall auf der Welt bedeutet.

Kurze Geschichte des Antisemitismus

Chuck Wendig

Jess Hartley

Matthew McFarland

Wood Ingham

Justin Achilli

Reliquary

Peter Schafer

This book represents the first wide-scale presentation and interpretation of pre-kabbalistic, Jewish mysticism. This is the Hekhalot or Merkavah mysticism. The emphasis is on the conceptions of God, the angels, and man that the texts provide and that are the framework of the Judaic world view in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages. This interpretation is based on the major works of this early Jewish mysticism: Hekhalot Rabbati ("The Greater Palaces"), Hekhalot Zutarti ("The Lesser Palaces"), Ma'aseh Merkavah ("The Working of the Chariot"), Merkavah Rabbah ("The Great Chariot)" and the Third (Hebrew) Book of Enoch. Many quotations from this largely unknown body of esoteric literature are included. The experience of the mystical heroes of this literature moves between the two poles of the heavenly journey--between the ascent of the mystic through the seven palaces to the Throne of Glory and the adjuration, the attempt to invoke God and his angels in order to force them to fulfill man's will. Both are permeated by magic, and the world view of this first stage of Jewish mysticism is thus deeply magical. The circles which formed it were concerned with nothing less than a radical transformation of the world of normative Judaism that for centuries was determined by the Rabbis.

Some Major Themes in Early Jewish Mysticism

The Hidden and Manifest God

Hans Hans Gerhard Kippenberg

This collection of twelve articles presents a selection of papers delivered in the course of a seminar 1994-95 and its concluding international symposium at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. The common theme is the interrelation between magic and religion, focussing particularly on the Mediterranean world in Antiquity - Egyptian, Graeco-Roman and Jewish beliefs and customs - but also treating the early modern period in Northern Europe (the Netherlands and Germany) as well as offering more general reflections on elements of magic in language and Jewish mysticism. The volume is characterized by an interdisciplinary approach and the use of varied methodologies, emphasizing the dynamic nature of the often contradictory forces shaping religious beliefs and practices, while dismissing the idea of a linear development from magic to religion or vice versa. The contributors are outstanding scholars in their fields: Ancient, Medieval and Modern History, Religious Studies, Jewish Studies, Classical Studies, Early Christianity, Islamic Studies, Anthropology, Egyptology and Comparative Literature. Without a doubt this re-evaluation of a fascinating age-old subject will stimulate scholarly discussion and appeal to educated non-specialist readers as well.

Envisioning Magic

Übersetzung der Hekhalot-Literatur

In this beautifully realized study, Peter Schäfer investigates the origins of a female manifestation of God in Jewish mysticism. The search itself is a fascinating exploration of the idea of a feminine divinity. And Schäfer's surprising but persuasive conclusions yield deeper understanding of the complex but frequently intimate relationship between Christianity and Judaism--and of the development of religious concepts more generally. Toward the end of the twelfth century, a small book titled the Bahir (Light) appeared in Provence. The first document of Judaism's emerging kabbalistic movement, it introduced a completely new view of God, one that included a divine potency that was essentially female. This female divinity was portrayed both as a mediator between Jews and God and as part of the Godhead itself. Examining Judaic history from the biblical Wisdom tradition to the Middle Ages, Schäfer finds some precedents for the Kabbalah's feminine divinity. But he cannot account for her forceful appearance in twelfth-century southern France without reference to the immediate Christian environment, particularly the flourishing veneration of the Virgin Mary. Indeed, twelfth-century Jews and Christians were simultaneously rediscovering the feminine as an aspect of the Godhead after having abandoned it in favor of either an abstract, disembodied God or an exclusively male one. In proposing that the medieval cult of Mary--rather than eastern Gnosticism--is the appropriate framework for understanding the feminine elements in Jewish mysticism, Mirror of His Beauty represents a sea change in Kabbalah and Jewish-Christian cultural studies. It shifts our attention from the Byzantine East to the Latin Christian West. And in contrast to histories that treat the development of Judaism and Christianity in isolation, it leads us to a fuller understanding of Jews and Christians living in proximity, aware of each other.

Feminine Images of God from the Bible to the Early Kabbalah

Mirror of His Beauty

Scattered throughout the Talmud, the founding document of rabbinic Judaism in late antiquity, can be found quite a few references to Jesus--and they're not flattering. In this lucid, richly detailed, and accessible book, Peter Schäfer examines how the rabbis of the Talmud read, understood, and used the New Testament Jesus narrative to assert, ultimately, Judaism's superiority over Christianity. The Talmudic stories make fun of Jesus' birth from a virgin, fervently contest his claim to be the Messiah and Son of God, and maintain that he was rightfully executed as a blasphemer and idolater. They subvert the Christian idea of Jesus' resurrection and insist he got the punishment he deserved in hell--and that a similar fate awaits his followers. Schäfer contends that these stories betray a remarkable familiarity with the Gospels--especially Matthew and John--and represent a deliberate and sophisticated anti-Christian polemic that parodies the New Testament narratives. He carefully distinguishes between Babylonian and Palestinian sources, arguing that the rabbis' proud and self-confident countermessage to that of the evangelists was possible only in the unique historical setting of Persian Babylonia, in a Jewish community that lived in relative freedom. The same could not be said of Roman and Byzantine Palestine, where the Christians aggressively consolidated their political power and the Jews therefore suffered. A departure from past scholarship, which has played down the stories as unreliable distortions of the historical Jesus, Jesus in the Talmud posits a much more deliberate agenda behind these narratives.

Jesus in the Talmud

Joseph Dan

Sponsored by the Gershom Scholem Center for the Study of Jewish Mysticism.

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on the History of Jewish Mysticism

Gershom Scholem's Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism 50 Years After

Hubert Cancik

Martin Hengel

Hermann Lichtenberger

Festschrift für Martin Hengel zum 70. Geburtstag

Geschichte - Tradition - Reflexion

Jens Müller

Anke Karber

Kerstin Nolte

Tilmann Wahne

Personenbezogene soziale Dienstleistungsberufe befinden sich aktuell in einer kontroversen Lage: Auf der einen Seite erfahren sie eine erhebliche Expansion, begleitet von steigenden Qualitätsansprüchen an Erziehungs-, Bildungs-, Betreuungs- und Pflegetätigkeiten. Auf der anderen Seite entspricht die Anerkennung dieser Frauenberufe jedoch nach wie vor nicht ihrer tatsächlichen gesamtgesellschaftlichen Bedeutung. Dieses Spannungsfeld erörtern die AutorInnen aus verschiedenen Perspektiven.

Gelingensbedingungen und Verwirklichungschancen

Zur Gerechtigkeitsfrage in sozialen (Frauen-)Berufen

Catherine Hezser

This volume focuses on a wide range of topics such as gender studies, aspects of everyday life, Roman festivals, magic, etc., hereby reflecting on the methodological problems inherent in intercultural studies.

The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graeco-Roman Culture

Die Geschichte der jüdischen Mystik vor der Kabbala ist erstaunlicherweise bislang noch nicht geschrieben worden. Peter Schäfer füllt mit diesem Buch, das mit seiner gut verständlichen Sprache nicht nur für Spezialisten gedacht ist, die Lücke. Beginnend mit der Thronwagenvision des Propheten Ezechiel reicht der Bogen über die Henochschriften, Qumran, Philo von Alexandrien und die rabbinische Literatur bis zur sogenannten Merkava-Mystik. In genauer und einfühlsamer Lektüre der einschlägigen Texte wird der Frage nachgegangen, was sie uns über die uralte menschliche Sehnsucht vermitteln wollen, Gott nahezukommen. Das Werk bildet die Synthese eines Autors, der sich ein Leben lang mit diesem Thema befaßt hat.

Die Ursprünge der jüdischen Mystik

Mark R. Cohen

This collection on messianic expectations from biblical times to the present represents a fresh re-evaluation of a variety of religious, political and cultural phenomena. The focus is on Judaism, but aspects of messianism in Graeco-Roman, Christian, and Islamic worlds alongside modern political issues are considered.

Peter Schäfer

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