Harry A. Hoffner

Piotr Michalowski

Martha Tobi Roth

The law collections presented in this volume are compilations, varying in legal and literary sophistication, recorded by scribes in the schools and the royal centers of ancient Mesopotamia and Asia Minor from the end of the third millennium through the middle of the first millennium B.C.E. Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian, and Hittite texts, with accompanying English translations, are included. Some of the collections, like the famous Laws of Hammurabi, achieved a wide audience; others, like the Laws about Rented Oxen, were scribal exercises limited to a local school center. All, however, reflected contemporary legal practice in the scribes' recordings of contracts, administrative documents, and court cases and also provide historians with evidence of abstractions of legal rules from specific cases.

Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor

William W. Hallo

Scott G. Beld

Concordance and Bibliography

The Tablets of Ebla

This work presents for the first time in its entirety the long Sumerian poem describing the destruction and suffering in Babylonia during the final days of the Third Dynasty of Ur. The text is both an important work of native historiography and a moving literary composition. The author's introduction places the work within the Sumerian literary tradition, and evaluates it as a historical source. Indexes and copies of unpublished texts are included.

The Lamentation Over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur

The Correspondence of the Kings of Ur is a collection of literary letters between the Ur III monarchs and their high officials at the end of the third millennium B.C. The letters cover topics of royal authority and proper governance, defense of frontier regions, and the ultimate disintegration of the empire and represent the largest corpus of Sumerian prose literature we possess. This long-awaited edition, based on extensive collation of almost all extant manuscripts, numbering more than a hundred, includes detailed historical and literary analyses, and copious philological commentary. It entirely supersedes the Michalowski’s oft-cited unpublished Yale dissertation of 1976. The edition is accompanied by an extensive analysis of the place of the letters in early second-millennium schooling, treating the letters as literature, followed by chapters that contextualize the epistolary material within historical and historiographic contexts, utilizing many Sumerian archival, literary, and historical sources. The main objective here is to try to navigate the complex issues of authenticity, authority, and fiction that arise from the study of these literary artifacts. In addition, Michalowski offers new hypotheses about many aspects of late third-millennium history, including essays on military history and strategy, on frontiers, on the nature and putative character of nomadism at the time, as well as a long chapter on the role of a people designated as Amorites. The included DVD includes various photographs at high resolution of most of the tablets included in the study.

An Epistolary History of an Ancient Mesopotamian Kingdom

The Correspondence of the Kings of Ur

Unbearable Lightness of Enlil

Piotr Michalowski

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