Rachael Wiseman

Clare Mac Cumhaill

A delightful group portrait of four college friends--Iris Murdoch, Philippa Foot, Elizabeth Anscombe, and Mary Midgley--who formed a new philosophical tradition starting with the ideas, fears, and hopes of women while Oxford's men were away at war The history of European philosophy is usually formed from the ideas, visions and hopes of men, many of whom lived monastic lives apart from women and children. In the mid-twentieth century, as students at Oxford, Elizabeth Anscombe, Mary Midgley, Philippa Foot, and Iris Murdoch launched an alternative. In the 1930's, while the men of their class went to war, these four women dared to question the abstraction of the modern male philosophical tradition, returning instead to questions of virtue and human nature. They did their philosophical work among diapers and babies, in living rooms and teashops, and in a landscape of bombed out buildings, emergency hospitals, and displaced people. Each woman concluded that human life is not a pursuit for an isolated individual, but for a group. Metaphysical Animals is a retelling of modern philosophy that places four women at the center. It is a story of love and war and friendship that offers a new answer to the fundamental question: what do we live for?

How Four Women Brought Philosophy Back to Life

Metaphysical Animals

Elizabeth Anscombe : brillante, grande fumeuse, catholique en pantalon, mère de sept enfants.
Philippa Foot : petite-fille d’un président américain, discrètement rebelle.
Mary Midgley : érudite pleine d’esprit et observatrice attentive des hommes et des animaux.
Iris Murdoch : romancière en devenir qui a le pouvoir de séduire (presque) tout le monde.
Toutes sont devenues philosophes à la veille de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Brillantes étudiantes, bientôt amies inséparables, elles entrent à l’université d’Oxford au moment où les hommes partent au front.
Cette passionnante biographie croisée nous plonge dans la vie tumultueuse de quatre femmes qui ont profondément renouvelé la philosophie. Dans les temps troublés qui voient Oxford accueillir les rescapés du nazisme de toute l’Europe, elles partagent lectures, cigarettes et peines de cœur, et ne cessent de réfléchir au monde qui les entoure. Plus qu’un refuge, la philosophie est pour elles une nécessité absolue. Comment penser l’action humaine ? Qu’est-ce qu’une vie bonne ? L’homme est-il un animal comme les autres ?
S’opposant à un certain formalisme de la tradition philosophique britannique, elles développent chacune à leur manière une philosophie morale d’une étonnante modernité à l’heure où, de l’autre côté du Channel, l’existentialisme bat son plein.

Quand Elizabeth Anscombe, Philippa Foot, Mary Midgley et Iris Murdoch réinventaient la philosophie 

Le Quartet d'Oxford 

'In philosophy, one must start from scratch - & it takes a very long time to reach scratch' Iris Murdoch, Mary Midgley, Philippa Foot and Elizabeth Anscombe were philosophy students at Oxford during the Second World War when most male undergraduates (and many tutors) were conscripted. Taught by refugee scholars, women and conscientious objectors, the four friends developed a philosophy that could respond to the war's darkest revelations. When images of the concentration camps emerged, Foot wrote: 'We had thought something like this could not happen.' And when the atom bomb fell on Hiroshima, Anscombe saw a terrifying new possibility: by signing his name at the foot of an order, US President Harry Truman had been able to act on so vast a scale as to end the war by killing hundreds of thousands. How, they asked, do we find our way through the darkness of what we have created? Not even the great thinkers of the past or the logical innovators and Existentialists of the early twentieth century could make sense of this new human reality. So, in search of an answer, the four friends set out to bring philosophy back to life. What is freedom? What is real? What is human goodness? As creatures who use language - as human animals - it is in our nature to ask these questions. We are metaphysical animals. And the answers we give shape what we will become. Written with expertise and flair, Metaphysical Animals is a vivid blend of philosophy and recovered history - bringing back the women who shared ideas, as well as sofas, shoes and even lovers. Clare Mac Cumhaill and Rachael Wiseman show how from the disorder and despair of the war, four brilliant friends brought philosophy back to life and created a way of ethical thinking that is there for us today.

A NEW YORK TIMES BOOK REVIEW BEST BOOK OF THE YEAR • A vibrant portrait of four college friends—Iris Murdoch, Philippa Foot, Elizabeth Anscombe, and Mary Midgley—who formed a new philosophical tradition while Oxford's men were away fighting World War II. The history of European philosophy is usually constructed from the work of men. In Metaphysical Animals, a pioneering group biography, Clare Mac Cumhaill and Rachael Wiseman offer a compelling alternative. In the mid-twentieth century Elizabeth Anscombe, Mary Midgley, Philippa Foot, and Iris Murdoch were philosophy students at Oxford when most male undergraduates and many tutors were conscripted away to fight in the Second World War. Together, these young women, all friends, developed a philosophy that could respond to the war’s darkest revelations. Neither the great Enlightenment thinkers of the past, the logical innovators of the early twentieth century, or the new Existentialist philosophy trickling across the Channel, could make sense of this new human reality of limitless depravity and destructive power, the women felt. Their answer was to bring philosophy back to life. We are metaphysical animals, they realized, creatures that can question their very being. Who am I? What is freedom? What is human goodness? The answers we give, they believed, shape what we will become. Written with expertise and flair, Metaphysical Animals is a lively portrait of women who shared ideas, but also apartments, clothes and even lovers. Mac Cumhaill and Wiseman show how from the disorder and despair of the war, four brilliant friends created a way of ethical thinking that is there for us today.

G. E. M. Anscombe’s Intention is a classic of twentieth-century philosophy. The work has been enormously influential despite being a dense and largely misunderstood text. It is a standard reference point for anyone engaging with philosophy of action and philosophy of psychology. In this Routledge Philosophy GuideBook, Rachael Wiseman: situates Intention in relation to Anscombe’s moral philosophy and philosophy of mind considers the influence of Aquinas, Aristotle, Frege, and Wittgenstein on the method and content of Intention adopts a structure for assessing the text that shows how Anscombe unifies the three aspects of the concept of intention considers the influence and implications of the piece whilst distinguishing it from subsequent work in the philosophy of action Ideal for anyone wanting to understand and gain a perspective on Elizabeth Anscombe’s seminal work, this guide is an essential introduction, useful in the study of the philosophy of action, ethics, philosophy of psychology and related areas.

Routledge Philosophy GuideBook to Anscombe’s Intention

A vibrant portrait of four college friends—Iris Murdoch, Philippa Foot, Elizabeth Anscombe, and Mary Midgley—who formed a new philosophical tradition while Oxford's men were away fighting World War II. The history of European philosophy is usually constructed from the work of men. In Metaphysical Animals, a pioneering group biography, Clare Mac Cumhaill and Rachael Wiseman offer a compelling alternative. In the mid-twentieth century Elizabeth Anscombe, Mary Midgley, Philippa Foot, and Iris Murdoch were philosophy students at Oxford when most male undergraduates and many tutors were conscripted away to fight in the Second World War. Together, these young women, all friends, developed a philosophy that could respond to the war’s darkest revelations. Neither the great Enlightenment thinkers of the past, the logical innovators of the early twentieth century, or the new Existentialist philosophy trickling across the Channel, could make sense of this new human reality of limitless depravity and destructive power, the women felt. Their answer was to bring philosophy back to life. We are metaphysical animals, they realized, creatures that can question their very being. Who am I? What is freedom? What is human goodness? The answers we give, they believed, shape what we will become. Written with expertise and flair, Metaphysical Animals is a lively portrait of women who shared ideas, but also apartments, clothes and even lovers. Mac Cumhaill and Wiseman show how from the disorder and despair of the war, four brilliant friends created a way of ethical thinking that is there for us today.

Charlotte Alston

Amber Carpenter

Portraits of Integrity depicts more than 20 historical, fictional and contemporary figures whose character or life raises questions about what integrity is and how it is perceived. Integrity might be culturally bound, but this diverse set of portraits demonstrates that it is not the special preserve of any one culture. Portraits of Socrates, Mencius, Rama and Job, alongside the aspirational 16th-century couple John and Dorothy Kaye, civil rights activist Ella Baker and an anonymous banker, highlight the persisting – sometimes conflicting – features of a life lived with integrity. An introduction identifies and discusses the key questions and themes raised by the case studies, encouraging the reader to determine for themselves the weight and significance of the recurring topics integrity brings up - truth, awkwardness, goodness, and charisma. For anyone looking to learn more about this elusive virtue, Portraits of Integrity is an essential collection. It uncovers the manifold aspects of integrity, illustrates the various possibilities for its expression in a life and asks whether living a life of integrity means living a life of isolation and hardship, or if it is possible to live with integrity without jeopardising all else.

Rachael Wiseman

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