Rob Wallace

On the Origins of COVID-19

Dead Epidemiologists

The first collection to explore infectious disease, agriculture, economics, and the nature of science together Thanks to breakthroughs in production and food science, agribusiness has been able to devise new ways to grow more food and get it more places more quickly. There is no shortage of news items on hundreds of thousands of hybrid poultry—each animal genetically identical to the next—packed together in megabarns, grown out in a matter of months, then slaughtered, processed and shipped to the other side of the globe. Less well known are the deadly pathogens mutating in, and emerging out of, these specialized agro-environments. In fact, many of the most dangerous new diseases in humans can be traced back to such food systems, among them Campylobacter, Nipah virus, Q fever, hepatitis E, and a variety of novel influenza variants. Agribusiness has known for decades that packing thousands of birds or livestock together results in a monoculture that selects for such disease. But market economics doesn't punish the companies for growing Big Flu—it punishes animals, the environment, consumers, and contract farmers. Alongside growing profits, diseases are permitted to emerge, evolve, and spread with little check. “That is,” writes evolutionary biologist Rob Wallace, “it pays to produce a pathogen that could kill a billion people.” In Big Farms Make Big Flu, a collection of dispatches by turns harrowing and thought-provoking, Wallace tracks the ways influenza and other pathogens emerge from an agriculture controlled by multinational corporations. Wallace details, with a precise and radical wit, the latest in the science of agricultural epidemiology, while at the same time juxtaposing ghastly phenomena such as attempts at producing featherless chickens, microbial time travel, and neoliberal Ebola. Wallace also offers sensible alternatives to lethal agribusiness. Some, such as farming cooperatives, integrated pathogen management, and mixed crop-livestock systems, are already in practice off the agribusiness grid. While many books cover facets of food or outbreaks, Wallace's collection appears the first to explore infectious disease, agriculture, economics and the nature of science together. Big Farms Make Big Flu integrates the political economies of disease and science to derive a new understanding of the evolution of infections. Highly capitalized agriculture may be farming pathogens as much as chickens or corn.

Dispatches on Influenza, Agribusiness, and the Nature of Science

Big Farms Make Big Flu

Improvisation and the Making of American Literary Modernism

Proposes the pragmatic changes we must make to survive COVID and the worst of the new diseases on the horizon The Trump administration’s neglect and incompetence helped put half-a-million Americans in the ground, dead from COVID-19. Joe Biden was elected president in part on the promise of setting us on a science-driven course correction, but, a little more than a year later, another half-a-million Americans were killed by the virus. What happened? In The Fault in Our SARS, evolutionary epidemiologist Rob Wallace catalogs the Biden administration's failures in controlling the outbreak. He also shows that, beyond matters of specific political persona or party, it was a decades-long structural decline associated with putting profits ahead of people that gutted U.S. public health. COVID-19 isn’t just an American tragedy. Each in its own way, countries around the world following the "profit-first" model failed their people. Global vaccination campaigns were bottled up by efforts to protect pharmaceutical companies' intellectual property rights. Economies were treated as somehow more real than the people and ecologies upon which they depend. Frustrated populations pushed back against lockdowns, abuses of governmental trust, and, fair or not, the very concept of public health. A social rot meanwhile wended its way into the heart of the sciences that, tasked with controlling disease, serve the systems that helped bring about COVID-19 in the first place. In The Fault in Our SARS, Wallace and an array of invited contributors aim to strip down the capitalist social psychology that in effect protected the SARS virus. The team proposes instead new approaches in health and ecology that appeal both to humanity's highest ideals and the pragmatic changes we must make to survive COVID and the worst of the new diseases on the horizon.

COVID-19 in the Biden Era

The Fault in Our SARS

Pandemia e agronegócio: doenças infecciosas, capitalismo e ciência, de Rob Wallace, defende que os novos vírus que há alguns anos amedrontam o planeta com epidemias e pandemias são, sim, uma criação dos seres humanos. Mas, não, não estamos falando das teorias conspiratórias difundidas pelos robôs de Donald Trump ou Jair Bolsonaro, que responsabilizam laboratórios chineses especializados em guerra biológica pela origem do novo coronavírus. Para o autor, esses micro-organismos são resultado da maneira como passamos a criar animais para consumo nos últimos quarenta anos. Quem já teve a oportunidade de ir a uma granja ou a uma fazenda de porcos sabe do que estamos falando: milhares (milhões) de animais confinados, muitas vezes impedidos de dormir e comendo 24 horas por dia para engordar — e ir para o abate — cada vez mais rápido. Para quê? Para aumentar os lucros das empresas, claro, que se transformaram em grandes conglomerados. O número de animais criados para alimentação cresce quase duas vezes mais rápido que a população humana. Aves, vacas, porcos separados pelo produto a ser extraído (carne, ovos, leite), em estabelecimentos onde compartilham raça, idade e sistema biológico. E isso, para a natureza, cuja lei mais importante é o equilíbrio na diversidade, significa uma praga gigante. Uma atração inevitável para outros animais, um banquete para micro-organismos. Um experimento permanente de mutações e contágios extremos. Rob Wallace vem escrevendo sobre isso há quase vinte anos. Lançado pela primeira vez em 2015, Pandemia e agronegócio, que agora chega ao Brasil graças à parceria da Elefante com Igra Kniga, reúne artigos do autor publicados desde 2007. Nos textos, o biólogo alerta sobre as origens da Sars, da gripe aviária e da gripe suína, alertando que, se os seres humanos não modificassem a maneira como criam animais para abate, teriam que lidar, no curto prazo, com novas formas de vírus cada vez mais mortais. E aqui estamos. "Os seres humanos construíram ambientes físicos e sociais, em terra e no mar, que alteraram radicalmente os caminhos pelos quais os patógenos evoluem e se dispersam. Os patógenos, no entanto, não são meros figurantes, golpeados pelas marés da história humana. Eles também agem por vontade própria, com o perdão do antropomorfismo. Demonstram agência", escreve Rob Wallace na introdução de Pandemia e agronegócio. Além do conteúdo integral da versão estadunidense, a edição brasileira trará os textos mais recentes do autor e de seus colaboradores sobre o atual surto de covid-19, a doença provocada pelo novo coronavírus (Sars-CoV-2) que, depois de aparecer na província de Hubei, na China, se espalhou pelo planeta, colocou boa parte do mundo em quarentena e espalhou incertezas sobre a maneira como continuaremos vivendo e habitando a Terra. Os vírus surgidos em território chinês, aliás, recebem imensa atenção de Rob Wallace no livro. Mas, longe de engrossar o coro da xenofobia que costuma vigorar nesse tipo de discussões, o autor vai às raízes do problema. "Desde a década de 1970, a produção pecuária intensiva se espalhou pelo planeta a partir de suas origens nos Estados Unidos. Nosso mundo está cercado por cidades de monoprodução de milhões de porcos e aves apinhados lado a lado, em uma ecologia quase perfeita para a evolução de várias cepas virulentas de influenza."

Doenças infecciosas, capitalismo e ciência

Pandemia e agronegócio

Ajay Heble

Jazz musicians, scholars, and journalists emphasize how the political consciousness that infused jazz in the 1960s and 1970s has continued to animate the avant-garde, Free Jazz, fusion, and other forms of this lively, always-evolving music.

The Future of Jazz Is Now!

People Get Ready

A history of COVID-19 and the sociopolitical crises that led to the 2020 global pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic shocked the world. It shouldn’t have. Since this century’s turn, epidemiologists have warned of new infectious diseases. Indeed, H1N1, H7N9, SARS, MERS, Ebola Makona, Zika, and a variety of lesser viruses have emerged almost annually. But what of the epidemiologists themselves? Some bravely descended into the caves where bat species hosted coronaviruses, including the strains that evolved into the COVID-19 virus. Yet, despite their own warnings, many of the researchers appear unable to understand the true nature of the disease—as if they are dead to what they’ve seen. Dead Epidemiologists is an eclectic collection of commentaries, articles, and interviews revealing the hidden-in-plain-sight truth behind the pandemic: Global capital drove the deforestation and development that exposed us to new pathogens. Rob Wallace and his colleagues—ecologists, geographers, activists, and, yes, epidemiologists—unpack the material and conceptual origins of COVID-19. From deepest Yunnan to the boardrooms of New York City, this book offers a compelling diagnosis of the roots of COVID-19, and a stark prognosis of what—without further intervention—may come.

Thanks to breakthroughs in production and food science, agribusiness has been able to devise new ways to grow more food and get it more places more quickly. There is no shortage of news items on hundreds of thousands of hybrid poultry – each animal genetically identical to the next – packed together in megabarns, grown out in a matter of months, then slaughtered, processed and shipped to the other side of the globe. Less well known are the deadly pathogens mutating in, and emerging out of, these specialized agro-environments. In fact, many of the most dangerous new diseases in humans can be traced back to such food systems, among them Campylobacter, Nipah virus, Q fever, hepatitis E, and a variety of novel influenza variants. Agribusiness has known for decades that packing thousands of birds or livestock together results in a monoculture that selects for such disease. But market economics doesn't punish the companies for growing Big Flu – it punishes animals, the environment, consumers, and contract farmers. Alongside growing profits, diseases are permitted to emerge, evolve, and spread with little check. “That is,” writes evolutionary biologist Rob Wallace, “it pays to produce a pathogen that could kill a billion people.” In Big Farms Make Big Flu, a collection of dispatches by turns harrowing and thought-provoking, Wallace tracks the ways influenza and other pathogens emerge from an agriculture controlled by multinational corporations. Wallace details, with a precise and radical wit, the latest in the science of agricultural epidemiology, while at the same time juxtaposing ghastly phenomena such as attempts at producing featherless chickens, microbial time travel, and neoliberal Ebola. Wallace also offers sensible alternatives to lethal agribusiness. Some, such as farming cooperatives, integrated pathogen management, and mixed crop-livestock systems, are already in practice off the agribusiness grid. While many books cover facets of food or outbreaks, Wallace's collection appears the first to explore infectious disease, agriculture, economics and the nature of science together. Big Farms Make Big Flu integrates the political economies of disease and science to derive a new understanding of the evolution of infections. Highly capitalized agriculture may be farming pathogens as much as chickens or corn.

Rob Wallace

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