Robert Darnton

In this series of essays, Robert Darnton exhumes the strange and wonderful world views of the ordinary and extraordinary people inhabiting the cities, towns and countryside of France in what we like to call the age of enlightenment.

The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History

The invention of writing was one of the most important technological, cultural, and sociological breakthroughs in human history. With the printed book, information and ideas could disseminate more widely and effectively than ever before—and in some cases, affect and redirect the sway of history. Today, nearly one million books are published each year. But is the era of the book as we know it—a codex of bound pages—coming to an end? And if it is, should we celebrate its demise and the creation of a democratic digital future, or mourn an irreplaceable loss? The digital age is revolutionizing the information landscape. Already, more books have been scanned and digitized than were housed in the great library in Alexandria, making available millions of texts for a curious reader at the click of a button, and electronic book sales are growing exponentially. Will this revolution in the delivery of information and entertainment make for more transparent and far-reaching dissemination or create a monopolistic stranglehold? In The Case for Books, Robert Darnton, an intellectual pioneer in the field of the history of the book and director of Harvard University's Library, offers an in-depth examination of the book from its earliest beginnings to its shifting role today in popular culture, commerce, and the academy. As an author, editorial advisor, and publishing entrepreneur, Darnton is a unique authority on the life and role of the book in society. This book is a wise work of scholarship—one that requires readers to carefully consider how the digital revolution will broadly affect the marketplace of ideas.

Past, Present, and Future

The Case for Books

A brilliant account of the coming of the French Revolution, and the culminating work of this most distinguished historian ‘Events do not come naked into the world. They come clothed – in attitudes, assumptions, values, memories of the past, anticipations of the future, hopes and fears and many other emotions. To understand events, it is necessary to describe the perceptions that accompany them, for the two are inseparable.’ When a Parisian crowd stormed the Bastille in July 1789, it triggered an event of global consequence: the overthrow of the monarchy and the birth of a new society. Most historians account for the French Revolution by viewing it as the outcome of underlying conditions such as a faltering economy, class conflict or Enlightenment ideology. Without denying any of these, Robert Darnton offers a different explanation: what Parisians themselves, those at the centre of the Revolution, thought was happening at the time and how it guided their actions. To understand the rise of what he calls ‘the revolutionary temper’, Darnton draws on a lifetime’s study of pamphlets, books, underground newsletters, songs and public performances, exploring Paris as an information society not unlike our own. Its news circuits were centred in cafes and market-places, on park benches, and under the Palais-Royal’s Tree of Cracow, a favourite gathering-place for gossips. He shows how the events of forty years – from disastrous treaties, official corruption and royal scandal to thrilling hot-air balloon ascents and a new conception of the nation – all entered the collective consciousness of ordinary Parisians. As news and opinion travelled across this profoundly unequal society, public trust in royal authority eroded, its legitimacy was undermined, and the social order unravelled. Much of Robert Darnton’s work has explained the hidden dynamics of history, never more so than in this exceptional book. It is a riveting narrative, but it adds a new dimension, the perceptions of contemporary Parisians, which allows us to see these momentous decades afresh.

Paris, 1748–1789

The Revolutionary Temper

Il futuro del libro

Examines the eighteenth-century French writers, publishers, and booksellers, who avoided official censorship, influenced public opinion, and affected the development of the French Revolution

The Literary Underground of the Old Regime

a publishing history of the Encyclopédie, 1775-1800

The business of enlightenment

And Other Episodes in French Cultural History

Great Cat Massacre

المذبحة الكبرى للقطط

Slander has always been a nasty business, Robert Darnton notes, but that is no reason to consider it a topic unworthy of inquiry. By destroying reputations, it has often helped to delegitimize regimes and bring down governments. Nowhere has this been more the case than in eighteenth-century France, when a ragtag group of literary libelers flooded the market with works that purported to expose the wicked behavior of the great. Salacious or seditious, outrageous or hilarious, their books and pamphlets claimed to reveal the secret doings of kings and their mistresses, the lewd and extravagant activities of an unpopular foreign-born queen, and the affairs of aristocrats and men-about-town as they consorted with servants, monks, and dancing masters. These libels often mixed scandal with detailed accounts of contemporary history and current politics. And though they are now largely forgotten, many sold as well as or better than some of the most famous works of the Enlightenment. In The Devil in the Holy Water, Darnton—winner of the National Book Critics Circle Award for his Forbidden Best-Sellers of Pre-Revolutionary France and author of his own best-sellers, The Great Cat Massacre and George Washington's False Teeth—offers a startling new perspective on the origins of the French Revolution and the development of a revolutionary political culture in the years after 1789. He opens with an account of the colony of French refugees in London who churned out slanderous attacks on public figures in Versailles and of the secret agents sent over from Paris to squelch them. The libelers were not above extorting money for pretending to destroy the print runs of books they had duped the government agents into believing existed; the agents were not above recognizing the lucrative nature of such activities—and changing sides. As the Revolution gave way to the Terror, Darnton demonstrates, the substance of libels changed while the form remained much the same. With the wit and erudition that has made him one of the world's most eminent historians of eighteenth-century France, he here weaves a tale so full of intrigue that it may seem too extravagant to be true, although all its details can be confirmed in the archives of the French police and diplomatic service. Part detective story, part revolutionary history, The Devil in the Holy Water has much to tell us about the nature of authorship and the book trade, about Grub Street journalism and the shaping of public opinion, and about the important work that scurrilous words have done in many times and places.

The Devil in the Holy Water, or the Art of Slander from Louis XIV to Napoleon

I censori all'opera : come gli stati hanno plasmato la letteratura

Incomparable " exhumeur " d'archives, Robert Darnton a découvert dans celles de la Bastille un étrange dossier fait de paperolles, qui n'étaient pourtant pas les habituelles et séditieuses " Nouvelles à la main ", mais plutôt des noms, des rimes et des indications " Sur l'air de... ". Il s'agit d'un incroyable dossier ayant mobilisé au printemps 1749 le Lieutenant de police et ses forces, sans oublier ses " mouches " (ses indicateurs), pour retrouver l'auteur d'une chanson " Monstre dont la noire furie " qui moquait le roi Louis XV et sa maîtresse avec un succès sans égal dans les cabarets parisiens. De cette anecdote qui n'avait jusqu'alors retenu l'attention de personne, Robert Darnton tire les mailles d'un étonnant filet : celui de la communication politique dans le Paris populaire du XVIIII e siècle où, des siècles après Gutenberg, la plupart des hommes et des femmes (ces dernières surtout) ne maîtrisaient pas la lecture. Constamment, ils échangeaient de vive voix des informations, qui n'ont pour l'essentiel pas laissé de traces Or voici une occasion exceptionnelle d'écrire une histoire de la communication à partir de son élément majeur, l'oralité. Au début de l'Affaire, se trouve un professeur de l'Université de Paris qui avait déclamé un poème qu'il connaissait par coeur et qui comptait quatre-vingts vers. L'art de la mémorisation était une force capitale dans le système de communication de l'Ancien Régime. Mais le moyen mnémotechnique le plus efficace était la musique. Deux des poèmes en rapport avec l'Affaire des Quatorze avaient été composés pour être chantés sur des airs connus que l'on retrouve dans les recueils appelés chansonnier où ils figurent avec d'autres formes d'échanges verbaux - plaisanteries, devinettes, rumeurs et bons mots. La suppression des mauvais propos à l'encontre du gouvernement faisait partie des tâches normales de la police. Malheur dès lors à celui dont la police retrouve dans les poches un bout de papier conservant des rimes ou des portées : ils seront 14 emprisonnés par le Lieutenant, étudiants, abbés, bourgeois établis, piliers de cabaret, amis des femmes publiques, tous milieux confondus, simplement pour avoir moqué le pouvoir en reprenant cet air, loin pourtant de toute intrigue politique.

Poésie, police et réseaux de communication à Paris au XVIIIe siècle

L'Affaire des Quatorze

This is a book about history, the media, and the history of the media.In four parts this book will go through how the past operates as an undercurrent in the present, analyze the operation of the media by specific case studies, outline a particular discipline; the history of the book, which provides a historical dimension to media studies, and lastly, to move outward from those considerations to a broad discussion of history itself and of history's neighbors within the human sciences.

Reflections in Cultural History

The Kiss of Lamourette

A collection of articles concentrated on the Enlightenment in France argues for a scaled-down interpretation of the significance of the movement.

An Unconventional Guide to the Eighteenth Century

George Washington's False Teeth

Os dentes falsos de George Washington reúne oito artigos do renomado historiador Robert Darnton. TRatando de temas aparentemente díspares, o autor capta o espírito e a carne do século XVIII por meio de detalhes da vida cotidiana e do imaginário da época. A imprensa, as publicações clandestinas, as canções populares, os fuxicos sobre a corte - em especial sobre a vida sexual dos monarcas -, bem como as contradições da vida privada de personagens como Rousseau, Condorcet e Brissot, são abordados com humor e espírito de provocação. DArnton faz também paralelos estimulantes com questões candentes de nossa época, como a Internet, a unidade européia, a imigração em massa, o nacionalismo e os direitos das minorias. Sem fazer distinção entre temas nobres e temas plebeus, Darnton põe em cena personagens de carne e osso às voltas simultaneamente com grandes especulações filosóficas e problemas miúdos, como dor de dente e aluguel atrasado. OS dentes falsos de George Washington apresenta um mundo vivo e colorido, uma combinação altamente pessoal da história das mentalidades com a história do cotidiano e da vida privada.

um guia não convencional para o século XVIII

Os dentes falsos de George Washington

Exploring the cultural and political significance of forbidden books in France, a historian considers the ideological origins of the Revolution and its connections with the Enlightenment by examining what the French read in the eighteenth century--with substantial excerpts included.

The Forbidden Best-sellers of Pre-revolutionary France

Machine generated contents note: Introduction: Before Balzac -- 1. Our man on Mission -- 2. The View from the Home Office -- 3. Smuggling: Pontarlier -- 4. Sizing up Shops: Lons-le-Saunier -- 5. Selling Books, Collecting Bills: Bourg-en-Bresse -- 6. Entrepreneurs and Buccaneers: Lyon -- 7. Domestic Contraband: Lyon -- 8. The Trade in Trading: Avignon -- 9. The Struggle for Survival in the South: Nîmes, Montpellier, Marseille -- 10. Hard Scrabble in the Southwest: Pézénas to Poitiers -- 11. Peddling and the Capillary System: Loudun -- 12. Upmarket and Downmarket in France's Homeland: Saumur to Dijon -- 13. An Ultimate Example: Besançon -- 14. The End of the Line: An Overview of the Demand for Literature -- 15. Lived Literature -- Acknowledgments

The World of Books on the Eve of the French Revolution

A Literary Tour de France

Non c’è dubbio: è all’immenso potere dei libri che si deve la diffusione dell’Illuminismo. Ma come si spiega la loro forza dirompente in un’epoca in cui non esisteva la libertà di stampa? Nella Francia dell’Ancien Régime ogni pubblicazione dipendeva infatti da un tortuoso iter, senza il quale era impossibile ottenere il «privilège» concesso dal re. Per di più la Corporazione parigina dei librai e stampatori, grazie a una complessa rete di relazioni tipica di un’oligarchia endogama, dominava in tutto il regno, paralizzando di fatto le imprese di provincia. Lo scenario che Darnton dischiude in questo libro, frutto di lunghe, tenaci ricerche d’archivio, è perturbante: quasi tutte le opere che hanno trasmesso il pensiero dei «philosophes» furono stampate in quella «Mezzaluna Fertile» che da Amsterdam e Bruxelles giungeva sino ad Avignone (allora territorio papale) passando per la Renania e la Svizzera, e distribuite in maniera clandestina – erano insomma frutto di pirateria. Tempestivamente informati sulle novità da spregiudicati agenti che operavano a Parigi, animati da una sete di profitto pari solo alla loro audacia, braccati dal tempo, assediati da non meno animosi concorrenti, i pirati dell’editoria potrebbero apparire come i perfetti rappresentanti di un capitalismo predatorio. Eppure, ci rivela Darnton, assolvevano un compito rivoluzionario: produrre a buon mercato libri per un pubblico nuovo, composto dai ceti intermedi. Agendo al di fuori della legge, assecondavano dunque, paradossalmente, la battaglia dei «livres philosophiques», che quella legge, fondamento dei privilegi dell’Ancien Régime, sfidavano in maniera aperta.

Il commercio librario nell’Età dei Lumi

Editori e pirati

A groundbreaking account of the coming of the French Revolution from a historian of worldwide acclaim. When a Parisian crowd stormed the Bastille in July 1789, it triggered an event of global consequence: the overthrow of the monarchy and the birth of a new society. Most historians account for the French Revolution by viewing it in retrospect as the outcome of underlying conditions such as a faltering economy, social tensions, or the influence of Enlightenment thought. But what did Parisians themselves think they were doing—how did they understand their world? What were the motivations and aspirations that guided their actions? In this dazzling history, Robert Darnton addresses these questions by drawing on decades of close study to conjure a past as vivid as today’s news. He explores eighteenth-century Paris as an information society much like our own, its news circuits centered in cafés, on park benches, and under the Palais-Royal’s Tree of Cracow. Through pamphlets, gossip, underground newsletters, and public performances, the events of some forty years—from disastrous treaties, official corruption, and royal debauchery to thrilling hot-air balloon ascents and new understandings of the nation—all entered the churning collective consciousness of ordinary Parisians. As public trust in royal authority eroded and new horizons opened for them, Parisians prepared themselves for revolution. Darnton’s authority and sure judgment enable readers to confidently navigate the passions and complexities of controversies over court politics, Church doctrine, and the economy. And his compact, luminous prose creates an immersive reading experience. Here is a riveting narrative that succeeds in making the past a living presence.

The Revolutionary Temper: Paris, 1748-1789

Listen to "An Electronic Cabaret: Paris Street Songs, 1748–50" for songs from Poetry and the Police Audio recording copyright © 2010 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. All rights reserved. In spring 1749, François Bonis, a medical student in Paris, found himself unexpectedly hauled off to the Bastille for distributing an “abominable poem about the king.” So began the Affair of the Fourteen, a police crackdown on ordinary citizens for unauthorized poetry recitals. Why was the official response to these poems so intense? In this captivating book, Robert Darnton follows the poems as they passed through several media: copied on scraps of paper, dictated from one person to another, memorized and declaimed to an audience. But the most effective dispersal occurred through music, when poems were sung to familiar tunes. Lyrics often referred to current events or revealed popular attitudes toward the royal court. The songs provided a running commentary on public affairs, and Darnton brilliantly traces how the lyrics fit into song cycles that carried messages through the streets of Paris during a period of rising discontent. He uncovers a complex communication network, illuminating the way information circulated in a semi-literate society. This lucid and entertaining book reminds us of both the importance of oral exchanges in the history of communication and the power of “viral” networks long before our internet age.

Communication Networks in Eighteenth-Century Paris

Poetry and the Police

Bernhard Fabian

Roy McKeen Wiles

American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies

Three distinguished authorities--Robert Darnton, Roy M. Wiles, and Bernhard Fabian--here offer informed reflections on the history of books, on literary commerce, and on the reading public in eighteenth-century England, France, and Germany.

Robert Darnton

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