Saso Dzeroski

Ljupco Todorovski

This survey provides an introduction to computational approaches to the discovery of communicable scientific knowledge and details recent advances. It is partly inspired by the contributions of the International Symposium on Computational Discovery of Communicable Knowledge, held in Stanford, CA, USA in March 2001, a number of additional invited contributions provide coverage of recent research in computational discovery.

Introduction, Techniques, and Applications in Environmental and Life Sciences

Computational Discovery of Scientific Knowledge

James Cussens

This volume has its origins in the ?rst Learning Language in Logic (LLL) wo- shop which took place on 30 June 1999 in Bled, Slovenia immediately after the Ninth International Workshop on Inductive Logic Programming (ILP’99) and the Sixteenth International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML’99). LLL is a research area lying at the intersection of computational linguistics, machine learning, and computational logic. As such it is of interest to all those working in these three ?elds. I am pleased to say that the workshop attracted subm- sions from both the natural language processing (NLP) community and the ILP community, re?ecting the essentially multi-disciplinary nature of LLL. Eric Brill and Ray Mooney were invited speakers at the workshop and their contributions to this volume re?ect the topics of their stimulating invited talks. After the workshop authors were given the opportunity to improve their papers, the results of which are contained here. However, this volume also includes a substantial amount of two sorts of additional material. Firstly, since our central aim is to introduce LLL work to the widest possible audience, two introductory chapters have been written. Dzeroski, ? Cussens and Manandhar provide an - troduction to ILP and LLL and Thompson provides an introduction to NLP.

Learning Language in Logic

Shan-HweiNienhuys-Cheng(UniversityofRotterdam) DavidPage(UniversityofLouisville) BernhardPfahringer(AustrianResearchInstituteforAI) CelineRouveirol(UniversityofParis) ClaudeSammut(UniversityofNewSouthWales) MicheleSebag(EcolePolytechnique) AshwinSrinivasan(UniversityofOxford) PrasadTadepalli(OregonStateUniversity) StefanWrobel(GMDResearchCenterforInformationTechnology) OrganizationalSupport TheAlbatrossCongressTouristAgency,Bled Center for Knowledge Transfer in Information Technologies, Jo zef Stefan Institute,Ljubljana SponsorsofILP-99 ILPnet2,NetworkofExcellenceinInductiveLogicProgramming COMPULOGNet,EuropeanNetworkofExcellenceinComputationalLogic Jo zefStefanInstitute,Ljubljana LPASoftware,Inc. UniversityofBristol TableofContents I InvitedPapers ProbabilisticRelationalModels D. Koller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 InductiveDatabases(Abstract) H. Mannila. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 SomeElementsofMachineLearning(ExtendedAbstract) J. R. Quinlan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 II ContributedPapers Re nementOperatorsCanBe(Weakly)Perfect L. Badea,M. Stanciu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 CombiningDivide-and-ConquerandSeparate-and-ConquerforE cientand E ectiveRuleInduction H. Bostr¨om,L. Asker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Re ningCompleteHypothesesinILP I. Bratko. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 AcquiringGraphicDesignKnowledge withNonmonotonicInductiveLearning K. Chiba,H. Ohwada,F. Mizoguchi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 MorphosyntacticTaggingofSloveneUsingProgol J. Cussens,S. D zeroski,T. Erjavec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 ExperimentsinPredictingBiodegradability S. D zeroski,H. Blockeel,B. Kompare,S. Kramer, B. Pfahringer,W. VanLaer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 1BC:AFirst-OrderBayesianClassi er P. Flach,N. Lachiche. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 SortedDownwardRe nement:BuildingBackgroundKnowledge intoaRe nementOperatorforInductiveLogicProgramming A. M. Frisch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 AStrongCompleteSchemaforInductiveFunctionalLogicProgramming J. Hern andez-Orallo,M. J. Ram rez-Quintana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 ApplicationofDi erentLearningMethods toHungarianPart-of-SpeechTagging T. Horv ath,Z. Alexin,T. Gyim othy,S. Wrobel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 VIII TableofContents CombiningLAPISandWordNetfortheLearningofLRParserswith OptimalSemanticConstraints D. Kazakov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 LearningWordSegmentationRulesforTagPrediction D. Kazakov,S. Manandhar,T. Erjavec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 ApproximateILPRulesbyBackpropagationNeuralNetwork: AResultonThaiCharacterRecognition B. Kijsirikul,S. Sinthupinyo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 RuleEvaluationMeasures:AUnifyingView N. Lavra c,P. Flach,B. Zupan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 ImprovingPart-of-SpeechDisambiguationRulesbyAdding LinguisticKnowledge N. Lindberg,M. Eineborg

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