Epictetus

Thomas William Hazen Rolleston

Being the Encheiridion of Epictetus with Selections from the Dissertations and Fragments

The Teaching of Epictetus

To begin with, we must dismiss the idea that Celtica was ever inhabited by a single pure and homogeneous race. The true Celts, if we accept on this point the carefully studied and elaborately argued conclusion of Dr. T. Rice Holmes, supported by the unanimous voice of antiquity, were a tall, fair race, warlike and masterful, whose place of origin (as far as we can trace them) was somewhere about the sources of the Danube, and who spread their dominion both by conquest and by peaceful infiltration over Mid-Europe, Gaul, Spain, and the British Islands. They did not exterminate the original prehistoric inhabitants of these regions—palæolithic and neolithic races, dolmen-builders and workers in bronze—but they imposed on them their language, their arts, and their traditions, taking, no doubt, a good deal from them in return, especially, as we shall see, in the important matter of religion. Among these races the true Celts formed an aristocratic and ruling caste. In that capacity they stood, alike in Gaul, in Spain, in Britain, and in Ireland, in the forefront or armed opposition to foreign invasion. They bore the worst brunt of war, of confiscations, and of banishment. They never lacked valour, but they were not strong enough or united enough to prevail, and they perished in far greater proportion than the earlier populations whom they had themselves subjugated. But they disappeared also by mingling their blood with these inhabitants, whom they impregnated with many of their own noble and virile qualities. Hence it comes that the characteristics of the peoples called Celtic in the present day, and who carry on the Celtic tradition and language, are in some respects so different from those of the Celts of classical history and the Celts who produced the literature and art of ancient Ireland, and in others so strikingly similar. To take a physical characteristic alone, the more Celtic districts of the British Islands are at present marked by darkness of complexion, hair, &c. They are not very dark, but they are darker than the rest of the kingdom. But the true Celts were certainly fair. Even the Irish Celts of the twelfth century are described by Giraldus Cambrensis as a fair race.

Myths and Legends of the Celtic Race

Het verleden kan worden vergeten, het sterft nimmer. De elementen, die in de vroegste tijden bij de vorming van een natie in het spel kwamen, blijven bestaan en dragen er toe bij haar geschiedenis te maken en den stempel te drukken op het karakter en den geest van het volk. Daarom moet het nasporen van die elementen en het bepalen, voor zoover mogelijk, van het deel dat zij hebben gehad aan schering en inslag van het leven van een volk, van niet gering belang zijn voor hen die inzien, dat uit het verleden het heden en uit het heden de toekomst wordt geboren; die zich zelf, hun magen en hun medeburgers niet willen beschouwen alleen als voorbijgaande schimmen, zich van de eene duisternis in de andere spoedend, maar die weten dat door hen een breede historische stroom gaat, van een verwijderden en geheimzinnigen oorsprong naar een toekomst, die in hooge mate wordt bepaald door al de vroegere omzwervingen van dien menschen-stroom, maar ook, in niet geringen graad door hetgeen zij, dank zij hun moed, hun vaderlandsliefde, hun kennis en hun verstand, er van verkozen te maken. De rol door het Keltisch ras gespeeld als vormende kracht in de geschiedenis, de literatuur en de kunst van het volk dat de Britsche Eilanden bewoontÑeen volk dat van dat middelpunt uit zijn heerschappij heeft uitgebreid over zulk een uitgestrekt gebied van de oppervlakte der aardeÑis in de volksgedachte onbehoorlijk verkleind geworden. Voor een groot deel heeft hieraan schuld de algemeen gangbare benaming ÒAngel-SaksischÓ voor het Britsche volk, als ras-aanwijzing. Uit een historisch oogpunt is die benaming ten eenenmale verkeerd. Niets wettigt deze onderscheiding van twee Neder-Duitsche stammen, wanneer wij het ras-karakter van het Britsche volk willen aangeven. Het gebruik dier benaming leidt tot ongerijmdheden als die welke de schrijver niet lang geleden opmerkte, toen de voorgenomen verheffing van een Ierschen bisschop tot kardinaal, door den Paus, in een Engelsch blad werd voorgesteld als te zijn ingegeven door den wenschÊvan het hoofd der Katholieke kerk om een vriendelijkheid te bewijzen aan Òhet Angel-Saksisch ras.Ó

Keltische Mythen en Legenden

Long ago there dwelt in Ireland the race called by the name of De Danaan, or People of the Goddess Dana. They were a folk who delighted in beauty and gaiety, and in fighting and feasting, and loved to go gloriously apparelled, and to have their weapons and household vessels adorned with jewels and gold. They were also skilled in magic arts, and their harpers could make music so enchanting that a man who heard it would fight, or love, or sleep, or forget all earthly things, as they who touched the strings might will him to do. In later times the Danaans had to dispute the sovranty of Ireland with another race, the Children of Miled, whom men call the Milesians, and after much fighting they were vanquished. Then, by their sorceries and enchantments, when they could not prevail against the invaders, they made themselves invisible, and they have dwelt ever since in the Fairy Mounds and raths of Ireland, where their shining palaces are hidden from mortal eyes. They are now called the Shee, or Fairy Folk of Erinn, and the faint strains of unearthly music that may be heard at times by those who wander at night near to their haunts come from the harpers and pipers who play for the People of Dana at their revels in the bright world underground. At the time when the tale begins, the People of Dana were still the lords of Ireland, for the Milesians had not yet come. They were divided it is said, into many families and clans; and it seemed good to them that their chiefs should assemble together, and choose one to be king and ruler over the whole people. So they met in a great assembly for this purpose, and found that five of the greatest lords all desired the sovranty of Erin. These five were B—v the Red, and Ilbrech of Assaroe, and Lir from the Hill of the White Field, which is on Slieve Fuad in Armagh; and Midir the Proud, who dwelt at Slieve Callary in Longford; and Angus of Brugh na Boyna, which is now Newgrange on the river Boyne, where his mighty mound is still to be seen. All the Danaan lords saving these five went into council together, and their decision was to give the sovranty to B—v the Red, partly because he was the eldest, partly because his father was the Dagda, mightiest of the Danaans, and partly because he was himself the most deserving of the five. All were content with this, save only Lir, who thought himself the fittest for royal rule; so he went away from the assembly in anger, taking leave of no one. When this became known, the Danaan lords would have pursued Lir, to burn his palace and inflict punishment and wounding on himself for refusing obedience and fealty to him whom the assembly had chosen to reign over them. But B—v the Red forbade them, for he would not have war among the Danaans; and he said, "I am none the less King of the People of Dana because this man will not do homage to me." Thus it went on for a long time. But at last a great misfortune befell Lir, for his wife fell ill, and after three nights she died. Sorely did Lir grieve for this, and he fell into a great dejection of spirit, for his wife was very dear to him and was much thought of by all folk, so that her death was counted one of the great events of that time.

Thomas William Hazen Rolleston

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