Ute Lotz-Heumann

"Shifting the focus from the medical use of spas to their cultural and social functions, this study shows that eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century German spas served a vital role as spaces where new ways of perceiving the natural environment and conceptualizing society were disseminated. Although spas continued to be places of health and healing, their function and perception in central Europe changed fundamentally around the middle of the eighteenth century. This transformation of the role of the spa occurred in two ways. First, the spa popularized a new perception of the landscape with a preference for mountains and the seacoast, forming the basis for the cultural assumptions underlying modern tourism. Second, contemporaries perceived spas as meeting places comparable to institutions of Enlightenment sociability like coffeehouses, salons, and Masonic lodges. Spas were conceived as spaces where the nobility and the bourgeoisie could interact on an equal footing, thereby overcoming the constraints of early modern social boundaries. These changes were negotiated both through personal interactions at the spa and an increasingly sophisticated published spa discourse. The late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century German spa thus helped to bring about social and cultural modernity"--

A Cultural History

The German Spa in the Long Eighteenth Century

Bruce Gordon

Jordan J. Ballor

Wim Decock

Günter Frank

Tarald Rasmussen

Barbara Mahlmann-Bauer

Günther Wassilowsky

Siegrid Westphal

Mathijs Lamberigts

David M. Whitford

Johannes Schilling

Michael Germann

Laurent Waelkens

Wim Decockcollects contributions by internationally renowned experts in law, history and religion on the impact of the Reformations on law, jurisprudence and moral theology. The overall impression conveyed by the essays is that on the level of substantive doctrine (the legal teachings) there seems to be more continuity between Protestant and Catholic, or, for that matter, between medieval and early modern jurisprudence and theology than usually expected. As it is illustrated with regards to topics ranging from just war doctrine over business ethics to marriage law, at the very least there appears to have been an on-going conversation between jurists and theologians across the confessional divide. This does not prevent some contributions from highlighting that on the institutional level, for instance in university politics, radical tensions between Reformers and Counter-Reformers played a paramount role. This book also offers approaches to the relationship between Church(es) and State(s) in the early modern period and to the practical as well as doctrinal use of natural law in both Protestant and Catholic lands.

The Legal Teachings of the Protestant and Catholic Reformations

Law and Religion

English summary: In Ireland, a peripheral kingdom in the 'multiple kingdom' of the English monarchy, a process of 'confessionalization from above' initiated by the Protestant state church and the English state confronted a process of 'double confessionalization from below' initiated by the country's traditional elites and supported by the Catholic underground church. In this process of 'double confessionalization' neither the Protestant nor the Catholic confessionalization was successful: the state-sponsored Protestant one failed because it could not achieve an integration of politics and religion in Ireland; the oppositional Catholic one failed because it could not break the legal status and rhetorical confessional monopoly of the church of Ireland. As a consequence, the history of Ireland in the first half of the early modern period was characterized by both 'conflict' and 'coexistence'. Ute Lotz-Heumann analyzes the process of 'double confessionalization'. German description: Ute Lotz-Heumann untersucht die irische Geschichte des 16. und der ersten Halfte des 17. Jahrhunderts aus dem Blickwinkel der Konfessionalisierung. In Irland stiess seit dem spaten 16. Jahrhundert eine von der protestantischen Staatskirche und dem englischen Staat getragene 'Konfessionalisierung von oben' auf eine von den galischen und altenglischen Eliten und der katholischen Untergrundkirche getragene 'Konfessionalisierung von unten'. Diese doppelte Konfessionalisierung Irlands hatte zur Folge, dass zwei Konfessionalisierungsprozesse in einem politischen Raum aufeinander trafen und gewissermassen aneinander scheiterten. Die irische Geschichte der ersten Halfte der Fruhen Neuzeit verlief infolge dessen zwischen den beiden Polen 'Konflikt' und 'Koexistenz'. Zuerst untersucht und periodisiert Ute Lotz-Heumann die Wechselwirkung zwischen den Konfessionsbildungen und dem von England an Irland herangetragenen Staatsbildungsprozess, der in Kolonialisierung umschlug. Anschliessend erortert sie den Prozess der doppelten Konfessionalisierung anhand der folgenden Teilbereiche: Identitat, Sprache, Propaganda und Geschichtsschreibung - Multiplikatoren und soziale Netzwerke - Erziehung, Bildung und Bildungsinstitutionen - Konfessionsbildung und Disziplinierung in einer konfessionellen Konkurrenzsituation.

Konflikt und Koexistenz im 16. und in der ersten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts

Die doppelte Konfessionalisierung in Irland

Shifting the focus from the medical use of spas to their cultural and social functions, this study shows that eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century German spas served a vital role as spaces where new ways of perceiving the natural environment and conceptualizing society were disseminated. Although spas continued to be places of health and healing, their function and perception in Central Europe changed fundamentally around the middle of the eighteenth century. This transformation of the role of the spa occurred in two ways. First, the spa popularized a new perception of the landscape with a preference for mountains and the seacoast, forming the basis for the cultural assumptions underlying modern tourism. Second, contemporaries perceived spas as meeting places comparable to institutions of Enlightenment sociability like coffeehouses, salons, and Masonic lodges. Spas were conceived as spaces where the nobility and the bourgeoisie could interact on an equal footing, thereby overcoming the constraints of early modern social boundaries. These changes were negotiated through both personal interactions at spas and an increasingly sophisticated published spa discourse. The late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century German spa thus helped to bring about social and cultural modernity.

Ute Lotz-Heumann

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