Vincent F. Hendricks

John Symons

Jaakko Hintikka

Knowledge and Belief - An Introduction to the Logic of the Two Notions

I Spræng boblen giver professor i formel filosofi og leder af Center for Information og Boblestudier, Københavns Universitet, Vincent F. Hendricks ved hjælp af en stribe underholdende, forfærdende og tankevækkende eksempler en indføring i bobleteori - og viser os, hvordan bobler kan bruges til at forklare og forstå vores verden og hverdag. Undervejs punkterer han en række af tidens mest oppustede tendenser i den offentlige debat, ikke mindst på de sociale medier. Spræng boblen er et opråb til fornuften!

Sådan bevarer du fornuften i en ufornuftig verden

Spræng boblen

Mads Vestergaard

This open access book looks at how a democracy can devolve into a post-factual state. The media is being flooded by populist narratives, fake news, conspiracy theories and make-believe. Misinformation is turning into a challenge for all of us, whether politicians, journalists, or citizens. In the age of information, attention is a prime asset and may be converted into money, power, and influence – sometimes at the cost of facts. The point is to obtain exposure on the air and in print media, and to generate traffic on social media platforms. With information in abundance and attention scarce, the competition is ever fiercer with truth all too often becoming the first victim. Reality Lost: Markets of Attention, Misinformation and Manipulation is an analysis by philosophers Vincent F. Hendricks and Mads Vestergaard of the nuts and bolts of the information market, the attention economy and media eco-system which may pave way to postfactual democracy. Here misleading narratives become the basis for political opinion formation, debate, and legislation. To curb this development and the threat it poses to democratic deliberation, political self-determination and freedom, it is necessary that we first grasp the mechanisms and structural conditions that cause it.

Markets of Attention, Misinformation and Manipulation

Reality Lost

Jan Kyrre Berg Olsen

Stig Andur Pedersen

Drawing on essays from leading international and multi-disciplinary scholars, A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology is the first comprehensive and authoritative reference source to cover the key issues of technology’s impact on society and our lives. Presents the first complete, authoritative reference work in the field Organized thematically for use both as a full introduction to the field or an encyclopedic reference Draws on original essays from leading interdisciplinary scholars Features the most up-to-date and cutting edge research in the interdisciplinary fields of philosophy, technology, and their broader intellectual environments

A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology

Klaus Frovin Jørgensen

A collection of papers presented at the conference on Probability Theory - Philosophy, Recent History and Relations to Science, University of Roskilde, Denmark, September 16-18, 1998. Since the measure theoretical definition of probability was proposed by Kolmogorov, probability theory has developed into a mature mathematical theory. It is today a fruitful field of mathematics that has important applications in philosophy, science, engineering, and many other areas. The measure theoretical definition of probability and its axioms, however, are not without their problems; some of them even puzzled Kolmogorov. This book sheds light on some recent discussions of the problems in probability theory and their history, analysing their philosophical and mathematical significance, and the role pf mathematical probability theory in other sciences.

Philosophy, Recent History and Relations to Science

Probability Theory

Jacek Malinowski

In 1953, exactly 50 years ago to this day, the first volume of Studia Logica appeared under the auspices of The Philosophical Committee of The Polish Academy of Sciences. Now, five decades later the present volume is dedicated to a celebration of this 50th Anniversary of Studia Logica. The volume features a series of papers by distinguished scholars reflecting both the aim and scope of this journal for symbolic logic.

50 Years of Studia Logica

Trends in Logic

Johan van Benthem

Horacio Arló-Costa

This volume presents 38 classic texts in formal epistemology, and strengthens the ties between research into this area of philosophy and its neighbouring intellectual disciplines. The editors provide introductions to five subsections: Bayesian Epistemology, Belief Change, Decision Theory, Interactive Epistemology and Epistemic Logic. 'Formal epistemology' is a term coined in the late 1990s for a new constellation of interests in philosophy, the origins of which are found in earlier works of epistemologists, philosophers of science and logicians. It addresses a growing agenda of problems concerning knowledge, belief, certainty, rationality, deliberation, decision, strategy, action and agent interaction – and it does so using methods from logic, probability, computability, decision and game theory. The volume also includes a thorough index and suggestions for further reading, and thus offers a complete teaching and research package for students as well as research scholars of formal epistemology, philosophy, logic, computer science, theoretical economics and cognitive psychology.

Sourcebook

Readings in Formal Epistemology

Sven Ove Hansson

This Undergraduate Textbook introduces key methods and examines the major areas of philosophy in which formal methods play pivotal roles. Coverage begins with a thorough introduction to formalization and to the advantages and pitfalls of formal methods in philosophy. The ensuing chapters show how to use formal methods in a wide range of areas. Throughout, the contributors clarify the relationships and interdependencies between formal and informal notions and constructions. Their main focus is to show how formal treatments of philosophical problems may help us understand them better. Formal methods can be used to solve problems but also to express new philosophical problems that would never have seen the light of day without the expressive power of the formal apparatus. ​Formal philosophy merges work in different areas of philosophy as well as logic, mathematics, computer science, linguistics, physics, psychology, biology, economics, political theory, and sociology. This title offers an accessible introduction to this new interdisciplinary research area to a wide academic audience.

Introduction to Formal Philosophy

Camilla Mehlsen

The Ministry of Truth scrutinizes the information market in the era of the attention economy calling on citizens, public educators and politicians to action in averting the role of BigTech in critical infrastructure. Through phenomena such as influencers, ‘fake news’, and covid conspiracies, the authors reveal how social platforms control facts, feelings and narratives in our time to such a degree that they are the de facto arbiters of truth. BigTech seemingly controls the information infrastructure and also decides what we pay attention to. The authors suggest hope for a more democratic internet through their systematic analysis of the largest players of the information age. The aim is to amplify human agency for a robust deliberative democracy — not version 2.0 — but a lasting version with staying power. This book appeals to the general interest reader and professional invested in the mobilization of responsible technological development. Vincent F. Hendricks is Professor of Formal Philosophy at The University of Copenhagen. He is Director of the Center for Information and Bubble Studies (CIBS) funded by the Carlsberg Foundation. Camilla Mehlsen is Digital Media Expert and Spokesperson for the Danish child organization Children’s Welfare. She is author of several books on digital literacy and her work on digital media has been published in various newspapers and magazines.

BigTech's Influence on Facts, Feelings and Fictions

The Ministry of Truth

This is this, this ain't something else, this is this -Robert De Niro, Deerhunter his book may to some extent be viewed as the continuation of my T Doctoral thesis Epistemology, Methodology and Reliability. The dissertation was, first of all, a methodological study of the reliable performance of the AGM-axioms (Alchourr6n, Gardenfors and Makin son) of belief revision. Second of all the dissertation included the first steps toward an epistemology for the limiting convergence of knowledge for scientific inquiry methods of both discovery and assessment. The idea of methodological reliability as a desirable property of a scientific method was introduced to me while I was a visiting Ph. D. -student at the Department of Philosophy, Carnegie Mellon University in Pitts burgh, Pennsylvania, USA in 1995-96. Here I became acquainted with formal learning theory. Learning theory provides a variety of formal tools for investigating a number of important issues within epistemology, methodology and the philosophy of science. Especially with respect to the problem of induc tion, but not exclusively. The Convergence of Scientific Knowledge-a view from the limit utilizes a few concepts from formal learning theory to study problems in modal logic and epistemology. It should be duely noted that this book has virtually nothing to do with formal learning theory or inductive learning problems.

A view from the limit

The Convergence of Scientific Knowledge

»Eine Demokratie befindet sich in einem postfaktischen Zustand, wenn politisch opportune, aber faktisch irreführende Behauptungen anstatt Fakten als Grundlage für die politische Debatte, Meinungsbildung und Gesetzgebung dienen. Wer diese Entwicklung bremsen will, muss verstehen, was sie verursacht.« Mit Macht dringen populistische Aussagen, alternative Tatsachen und Fake News in die öffentliche Debatte ein. Desinformation hat sich so ausgeweitet, dass wir alle uns dazu verhalten müssen – Politiker, Journalisten und Bürger. Im Zeitalter der Information ist Aufmerksamkeit gleichzusetzen mit Geld, Macht und Einfluss, auch wenn das auf Kosten von Tatsachen geschieht. Mit ihrem Bestseller Postfaktisch legen die Philosophen Vincent F. Hendricks und Mads Vestergaard eine zusammenhängende Analyse der Mechanismen vor, die uns etwas als wahr betrachten oder empfinden lassen. Ihr Buch beschreibt die Entwicklung hin zu einer postfaktischen Demokratie und benennt die Gewinner und Verlierer der neuen Aufmerksamkeitsökonomie. Ein eindringlicher Weckruf zu einer Zeit, da die „Wirklichkeit“ zunehmend eine Frage von Klickzahlen scheint.

Die neue Wirklichkeit in Zeiten von Bullshit, Fake News und Verschwörungstheorien

Postfaktisch

hiS volume in the Synthese Library Series is the result of a conference T held at the University of Roskilde, Denmark, October 31st-November 1st, 1997. The aim was to provide a forum within which philosophers, math ematicians, logicians and historians of mathematics could exchange ideas pertaining to the historical and philosophical development of proof theory. Hence the conference was called Proof Theory: History and Philosophical Significance. To quote from the conference abstract: Proof theory was developed as part of Hilberts Programme. According to Hilberts Programme one could provide mathematics with a firm and se cure foundation by formalizing all of mathematics and subsequently prove consistency of these formal systems by finitistic means. Hence proof theory was developed as a formal tool through which this goal should be fulfilled. It is well known that Hilbert's Programme in its original form was unfeasible mainly due to Gtldel's incompleteness theorems. Additionally it proved impossible to formalize all of mathematics and impossible to even prove the consistency of relatively simple formalized fragments of mathematics by finitistic methods. In spite of these problems, Gentzen showed that by extending Hilbert's proof theory it would be possible to prove the consistency of interesting formal systems, perhaps not by finitis tic methods but still by methods of minimal strength. This generalization of Hilbert's original programme has fueled modern proof theory which is a rich part of mathematical logic with many significant implications for the philosophy of mathematics.

History and Philosophical Significance

Proof Theory

The aim of this thematically unified anthology is to track the history of epistemic logic, to consider some important applications of these logics of knowledge and belief in a variety of fields, and finally to discuss future directions of research with particular emphasis on 'active agenthood' and multi-modal systems. It is accessible to researchers and graduate students in philosophy, computer science, game theory, economics and related disciplines utilizing the means and methods of epistemic logic.

Knowledge Contributors

Pelle G. Hansen

With points of departure in philosophy, logic, social psychology, economics, and choice and game theory, Infostorms shows how information may be used to improve the quality of personal decision and group thinking but also warns against the informational pitfalls which modern information technology may amplify: From science to reality culture and what it really is, that makes you buy a book like this. The information society is upon us. New technologies have given us back pocket libraries, online discussion forums, blogs, crowdbased opinion aggregators, social media and breaking news wherever, whenever. But are we more enlightened and rational because of it? Infostorms provides the nuts and bolts of how irrational group behaviour may get amplified by social media and information technology. If we could be collectively dense before, now we can do it at light speed and with potentially global reach. That’s how things go viral, that is how cyberbullying, rude comments online, opinion bubbles, status bubbles, political polarisation and a host of other everyday unpleasantries start. Infostorms will give the story of the mechanics of these phenomena. This will help you to avoid them if you want or learn to start them if you must. It will allow you to stay sane in an insane world of information. “With this brilliant book, we have been warned. It is up to all of us in the world today to be stewards of he common resource that is trustworthy and relevant information”. Adam Brandenburger, Stern School of Business, NYU “It is a highly recommended read for social scientists and concerned citizens alike”. Christian List, London School of Economics

Why do we 'like'? Explaining individual behavior on the social net.

Infostorms

Medierne oversvømmes i dag af fordrejninger og fortielser. Første skridt til at dæmme op for den udvikling, er at forstå, hvad der forårsager den. I FAKE NEWS fortæller Vincent F. Hendricks og Mads Vestergaard letforståeligt om, hvordan opmærksomhedsøkonomien hos politikere, i medierne og blandt borgere kan føre til et postfaktuelt demokrati, i hvilket eventyrlige historier erstatter kendsgerninger som grundlag for politisk debat og lovgivning.

Når virkeligheden taber

Fake News

Silas L. Marker

En af tidens hårdeste kampe er den, der bliver udkæmpet inden for identitet. I en konflikt mellem modsætninger bruger man bruger sin identitet til at adskille sig fra andre og til at forene sig med andre med samme identitet. Modsætningerne går for eksempel på køn, etnicitet, ulighed og religion. Konflikten opstår især i krisetider, hvor man vil gerne vide, hvem man skal rette sin vrede imod. Her er identitetspolitikkens klare svar: De andre! De sociale medier er gunstige miljøer for at skabe konflikter, for her dyrkes adskillelsen mellem to identiteter. Identitetsboblerne pustes op af polariserende likes og comments, drevet af den vrede, det had og den frygt, der trives på de sociale medier. Men det, der går viralt, er ikke nødvendigvis sandt, og det sande går ikke nødvendigvis viralt. Os og dem viser hvilke kræfter, vi står overfor, og hvordan vi gennem nuancerede debatter kan undgå, at polariseringen fører til uforenelige skel.

Vincent F. Hendricks

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