Xiaojing Zhang

Xin Chang

This book provides a historical overview of Chinese economic reform over the past 30 years. From the genesis of the reform to the gradual improvement of the market system, and then to the re-start of the critical stage of the reform, this book includes not only research on the reform process, but also detailed descriptions of the key areas of reform since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee. On this basis, the author develops six logics for Chinese economic reform. Firstly, reform is cyclical, moving between rapid advances and deadlock; this calls upon us to re-examine the common view of reform. Secondly, reform is systematic; it cannot succeed without supporting reforms in other fields. Thirdly, the relationship between reform, development and stability should be properly handled. This “trinity” is quite different from the perspective of western mainstream theory, which puts too much emphasis on efficiency. Fourthly, the success of Chinese reform was not achieved by chance. The reform practice is based on the theoretical logic, and also goes beyond the debate between progressive and radical modes. Fifthly, the Top-level Design should be combined with “crossing the river by moving from stone to stone,” i.e., the theoretical basis of reform should be combined with reform practice. Sixthly and lastly, the ongoing reform in China must be understood in the contexts of global competition and reform competition.

The Logic of Economic Reform in China

Edward Chow

Joav Merrick

Ronald Chow

Natalie Pulenzas

Marko Popovic

In early stages of cancer, patients are often presented with treatment options and encouraged to have shared treatment decisions with their oncologists. Shared decision making becomes particularly important, as several treatment options with different possible outcomes and adverse events exist. For example, women with early breast cancer are counseled on the options of mastectomy versus lumpectomy and radiation. The same principle should also apply in late stages of cancer, where cure is usually not possible in patients with widespread metastases. In these cases, the aim of treatment should be to relieve symptoms and suffering. Improving quality of life (QOL) rather than tumor control takes priority in palliative care. QOL has also been identified as an important endpoint for new cancer drugs, as determined by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA); as such, cancer drug approval can be based on improvement of QOL. The use of patient-reported QOL instrument tools help clinicians determine if certain treatments improve QOL. The research of palliative interventions should have QOL assessment to assist clinicians, patients and their family members in shared decision making.

Treatment, Decision Making and Quality of Life

Cancer

Xiaojing Zhang

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