Yi Zhang

Yan Cheng

Jin-Ming Yang

Ceshi Chen

Basic scientific background Breast cancer is one of the most common cancer and the most frequent cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Currently, subtyping breast cancers into hormone receptor (HR) positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 overexpressing (HER2+), and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the basis of diagnosing and treating this disease. The main treatment strategies for breast cancer include surgery, endocrine therapy, molecular targeted therapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy and gene therapy. However, resistance of breast cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents, molecular targeted therapies and immunotherapy may occur either intrinsically or de nova, and is often ultimately responsible for treatment failure. Therefore, drug resistance poses a major challenge to breast cancer treatment. Current developments: Drug resistance in breast cancer is a complex clinical condition originating from a wide range of molecular alterations. The development of endocrine therapy resistance is believed to be associated with many cellular changes, such as ESR1 gene mutations, bypassing estrogen signaling pathway and altered tamoxifen metabolism. Meanwhile, changes in immune response, alternation of drug-binding property and downstream pathways are involved in the mechanisms of drug resistance in HER2+ breast cancer. In addition, resistance to chemotherapeutic agents predominantly arises from increased drug efflux and cross resistance. Current studies suggest that treatment strategies and therapeutics have to be designed specifically to each patient in different clinical situations. The use of modern genomic, proteomic and functional analytical techniques has contributed to identify novel genes and signaling networks involved in breast cancer drug resistance. Moreover, the use of high-throughput techniques in combination with bioinformatics and systems biology approaches has aided the interrogation of clinical samples and allowed the identification of molecular signatures and genotypes that predict responses to certain drugs. Despite much progress has been made in the field of breast cancer drug resistance, such as combination therapy and drug-loaded nanoparticles, the complexity and variability of drug resistance mechanism still inevitably lead to the continuous occurrence of drug resistance. Therefore, with the increasing amounts of anti-breast cancer agents, there are now unprecedented opportunities to understand and overcome drug resistance through further research into mechanisms and corresponding strategies, which will help achieve lasting disease control and bring survival benefits to patients with advanced cancer. Papers of interest: The current Research Topic of Frontiers in Pharmacology focuses on publishing Original Research, Review articles and Case Reports focusing on (a) elucidating mechanisms of drug resistance in breast cancer, target mutations, tumor microenvironment, undiscovered genes and signaling pathways; (b) promising drug delivery systems that can enhance the sensitivity of anti- breast cancer agents to various tumors; (c) strategies that can improve patient care during bio-chemotherapeutic treatments; (d) small molecule compounds that are effective against drug-resistant breast tumors (e) biomarkers of chemotherapy resistance in breast cancer patients and (f) in vitro and in vivo models. Guidelines for article of submission: - Authors must stick to the set guidelines for ethical practices by the Frontiers journals. - The main content of the article must have certain innovation and research significance. - The authors should describe the construction method of drug-resistant cell lines when using them for experiments in the article.

Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Resistance And Strategies of Sensitization in Breast Cancer, 2nd edition

Su Gao

The articles in this book are based on talks given at the North Texas Logic Conference in October of 2004. The main goal of the editors was to collect articles representing diverse fields within logic that would both contain significant new results and be accessible to readers with a general background in logic. Included in the book is a problem list, jointly compiled by the speakers, that reflects some of the most important questions in various areas of logic. This book should be useful to graduate students and researchers alike across the spectrum of mathematical logic.

The North Texas Logic Conference, October 8-10, 2004, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas

Advances in Logic

Tiecheng Pan

Xiang Wei

This Atlas provides an easy-to-follow operational guide to laparoscopic techniques. It features a wealth of photos to illustrate esophageal carcinoma surgery. Through step-by-step anatomical photographs, it clearly depicts the Ivor-Lewis operative and Ivor-Lewis-Mckeown operative techniques. Using a consistent format, it addresses the clinical anatomy, pre-operative considerations, operative steps, post-operative care, and pearls and pitfalls to make it easy-to-read. The authors emphasize the similarities of the principles and steps between open and laparoscopic surgery, which significantly simplifies the transition from one practice to the other. This Atlas also includes a description of anesthesia techniques, a guide to the use of staplers in laparoscopic surgery, and a comparison of the energy sources available for laparoscopic surgery, while also outlining future developments, e.g. the increasing prevalence of robotic surgery for these procedures. The Atlas offers an essential guide for practitioners and trainees, laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgeons, and experienced esophageal surgeons who are preparing to change to minimal invasive techniques for the management of esophageal carcinoma. It will also benefit all surgeons who are seeking clear photos detailing how to perform these esophageal carcinoma operations.

Atlas of Thoracoscopic-lapacoscopic Esophagectomy

Chris Mi

Provides technical details and developments for all automotive power transmission systems The transmission system of an automotive vehicle is the key to the dynamic performance, drivability and comfort, and fuel economy. Modern advanced transmission systems are the combination of mechanical, electrical and electronic subsystems. The development of transmission products requires the synergy of multi-disciplinary expertise in mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and electronic and software engineering. Automotive Power Transmission Systems comprehensively covers various types of power transmission systems of ground vehicles, including conventional automobiles driven by internal combustion engines, and electric and hybrid vehicles. The book covers the technical aspects of design, analysis and control for manual transmissions, automatic transmission, CVTs, dual clutch transmissions, electric drives, and hybrid power systems. It not only presents the technical details of key transmission components, but also covers the system integration for dynamic analysis and control. Key features: Covers conventional automobiles as well as electric and hybrid vehicles. Covers aspects of design, analysis and control. Includes the most recent developments in the field of automotive power transmission systems. The book is essential reading for researchers and practitioners in automotive, mechanical and electrical engineering.

Automotive Power Transmission Systems

Chee Kai Chua

Wai Yee Yeong

Hong Wei Tan

U-xuan Tan

Chen Huei Leo

Michinao Hashimoto

Gladys Hooi Chuan Wong

Justin Jia Yao Tan

Aakanksha Pant

The food industry has seen many changes over the last several decades — new technologies have been introduced into the way we cook, manufacture, and present food products to consumers. Digital gastronomy, which combines new computational abilities such as three-dimensional (3D) printing with traditional food preparation, has allowed consumers to design and manufacture food with personalized shapes, colours, textures, and even nutrition. In addition to the personalization of food, 3D printing of food has other advantages such as promoting automation in food preparation and food sustainability through 3D-printed cell-based meats and alternative proteins. Entire meals can be constructed just by 3D food printing alone.In this textbook, the background, principles, commercial food printers, materials, regulations, business development, as well as the emerging technologies and future outlook of 3D food printing are explored. In terms of 3D-printed materials, four main classes are reviewed: namely, desserts / snacks (comprising dairy products, chocolate, sugars, and dough), fruits / vegetables, meats /alternative proteins, and pharmaceuticals / nutraceuticals.This textbook has been written to offer readers keen to learn more about 3D food printing in terms of concepts, processes, applications, and developments of 3D food printing. No prior knowledge is required. At the end of each chapter, a set of problems offers undergraduate and postgraduate students practice on the main ideas discussed within the chapter. For tertiary-level lecturers and university professors, the topic on 3D food printing can be associated to other subjects in food and nutrition, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical sciences, and food engineering.

Digital Gastronomy: From 3d Food Printing To Personalized Nutrition

Mit dieser Arbeit soll ein Überblick über die Rezeption deutschsprachiger Literatur in China von der Anfangsphase bis zur Gegenwart geschaffen werden. Dabei wird insbesondere auf die chinesischen gesellschaftlichen und individuellen Konflikte, Besonderheiten und Bedingungen eingegangen. Mittels der Rezeptionsästhetik wird erforscht, mit welchen Erwartungen und Erfahrungen in China die deutschsprachige Literatur über die historischen Epochen gelesen, verstanden, interpretiert und rezipiert wurde und inwiefern sich diese Lesarten veränderten.

Rezeptionsgeschichte der deutschsprachigen Literatur in China von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart

Alexey Piunovskiy

This book offers a systematic and rigorous treatment of continuous-time Markov decision processes, covering both theory and possible applications to queueing systems, epidemiology, finance, and other fields. Unlike most books on the subject, much attention is paid to problems with functional constraints and the realizability of strategies. Three major methods of investigations are presented, based on dynamic programming, linear programming, and reduction to discrete-time problems. Although the main focus is on models with total (discounted or undiscounted) cost criteria, models with average cost criteria and with impulsive controls are also discussed in depth. The book is self-contained. A separate chapter is devoted to Markov pure jump processes and the appendices collect the requisite background on real analysis and applied probability. All the statements in the main text are proved in detail. Researchers and graduate students in applied probability, operational research, statistics and engineering will find this monograph interesting, useful and valuable.

Borel Space Models and General Control Strategies

Continuous-Time Markov Decision Processes

Andreas Blass

Two conferences, Logic and Its Applications in Algebra and Geometry and Combinatorial Set Theory, Excellent Classes, and Schanuel Conjecture, were held at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor). These events brought together model theorists and set theorists working in these areas. This volume is the result of those meetings. It is suitable for graduate students and researchers working in mathematical logic.

Yi Zhang

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