Firebrand Waves of Digital Activism 1994-2014 The Rise and Spread of Hacktivism and Cyberconflict

This book introduces four waves of upsurge in digital activism and cyberconflict. The rise of digital activism started in 1994, was transformed by the events of 9/11, culminated in 2011 with the Arab Spring uprisings, and entered a transformative phase of control and mainstreaming since 2013 with the Snowden affair.