Work Law: Cases and Materials, Second Edition

The law of work has evolved as a patchwork of legal interventions in the labor market, sometimes by statute, and sometimes through the common law of judicial decisions. Most law school curricula divide the law of work into three topical areas--Labor Law, Employment Law, and Employment Discrimination--and offer separate courses in each area. Labor law in the United States is understood to encompass the study of the National Labor Relations Act, the law governing union organizing and collective bargaining. It is the law of collective rights at work. Employment law refers to the statutes and common law governing individual rights at work. It ranges from minimum standards legislation to judicially created doctrines based in tort and contract law. Employment discrimination law deals with the statutes and interpretative case law advancing the antidiscrimination norm in the workplace. These statutes address the problem of status discrimination at work (e.g., discrimination on the basis of race, sex, national origin, ethnicity, religion, disability, or sexual orientation). A comprehensive study of the law of work also provides an opportunity to assess critically what form enforcement of rights should take. Should conflicts between employers and employees be channeled into private resolution systems such as collective bargaining or contractual arbitration, or is the public interest sufficient to justify committing administrative, judicial and legislative resources to it? What is the significance of casting employee rights as collective--and therefore entrusting their enforcement to an employee representative such as a union--versus conceptualizing them as individual? Must such a collective representative be independent of the employer, or do employer-initiated employee committees further worker voice just as effectively? Doesn't history also warn of the risks of subordinating individual interests to those of the collective, particularly in the context of a diverse workforce with minority groups characterized by race, ethnicity or gender? Accordingly, the casebook is called " Work Law" and it endeavors to present basic materials on each system of labor market regulation. The book identies core themes of conflict and concern in the workplace, canvass the governing law, and offer a vantage point for assessment. Several themes furnish the organizing structure for the book. The book asks how law should mediate the perennial conflict between employer and employee rights; what difference it makes whether employee rights are conceptualized individually or collectively; what significance the increasing racial, ethnic, and gender diversity of the workforce should have for legal policy; whether dispute resolution systems should be privatized (via collective bargaining or individual contract) or remain in the public fora (courts and legislatures); and whether law is the most effective way to address interests of employers and employees (as contrasted, for example, with human resource practices, employer initiatives, or employee self-help measures). The book will be most useful in Employment Law courses that address the significance of conceptualizing rights at work individually as opposed to collectively. Its strength is its refusal to categorize the law of the workplace in doctrinal boxes that may be out-of-date by the time the book reaches maturity. The book adverts to Labor Law principles at a number of points throughout the book, but at a policy level rather than a doctrinal level, as a way of introducing and evaluating an alternative model of employee representation; the book does not assume any knowledge of Labor Law on the part of teacher or student and makes no effort to provide a satisfactory substitute for a Labor Law text. The book offers some detail in the law of Employment Discrimination but does so primarily with an eye toward surveying the field and assessing antidiscrimination regulation as a response to an increasingly diverse workforce, rather than providing an in-depth study of Employment Discrimination principles. The text surveys the existing legal landscape, but it does not stop there. Work Law is an exciting and intellectually stimulating practice area because it is of necessity in a constant state of flux, responding to labor market innovations. Flexibility in thinking is vital to this area of practice.