Sean McMeekin

"Between 1911 and 1923, a series of wars-- chief among them World War I-- would engulf the Ottoman Empire and its successor states. It is a story we think we know well, but, as Sean McMeekin shows us in this revelatory new history, we know far less than we think. Drawing from his years of ground-breaking research in newly opened Ottoman and Russian archives, 'The Ottoman Endgame' brings to light the entire strategic narrative that led to an unstable new order in postwar Middle East-- much of which is still felt today"--P. [2] of cover.

War, Revolution, and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1908-1923

The Ottoman Endgame

Ilia Markov

Good book—I was looking for something more general/high-level and this goes quite in depth on the actual timeline of the wars that led to the breakup of the Ottoman empire. Still an interesting read though

Bryan Alexander

I came to The Ottoman Endgame in my quest to explore the global reach of WWI - i.e., everything beyond the Western front. Sean McMeekin's latest book is perfect for this purpose, as it describes the conflict from the Ottoman empire's perspective. The results are impressive: an exciting, well told, and illuminating narrative history.

This focus requires a somewhat broader perspective than a 1914-1918 battlefield account. McMeekin reaches back to 1900-1914 (indeed, begins in the late 1800s) in order to set up the "sick man of Europe" problematic, and to introduce the crucial Balkan Wars. He also continues the tale beyond 11/11/1918 as he views the Turkish story as bound up with the Russian Civil War, and, of course, carried on through the Turko-Greek War (1919-1922) and Kemal Ataturk's founding on today's Turkish state. There's also a strong if understated pointer to our time, as the book's last line reminds us: "Outside Turkey's borders, the War of the Ottoman Succession [see below] rages on, with no end in sight." (495)

And what a tale unfolds! Students of the First World War are familiar with the fact that it brought down so many empires; McMeekin gives us a front row seat for one's spectacular crash. We see intrigue, betrayal, ambition, disaster, epic struggle, and many, many battles. Not only does the Ottoman empire get destroyed and replaced with a constellation of states still unsettled (to put it mildly) today, but the Russian empire collapses into revolution and civil war, Israel's founding starts to move, and the whole, more familiar drama of the Western front transpires. 

A crucial argument in the book is to consider the Ottoman story as not a sideshow, in TE Lawrence's terms, but as "central to both the outbreak of European war in 1914 and the peace settlement that truly ended it." (xx) A second claim is that the Ottomans fought better, smarter, and harder than their enemies and much of posterity have given them credit for. Those are ultimately very persuasive arguments, especially given the close connections between the Ottomans and Russia ("Russia, always the prime [external] mover in Ottoman affairs", 286), for the former point.

Ottoman Endgame offers some intriguing perspectives on the first World War. It suggests reviewing the Middle Eastern theater (plus the Macedonian and Russian) as a War of the Ottoman Succession (xx, 483). There's the possibility of WWI breaking out in 1912, as the great powers maneuvered around the First Balkan War, which makes for a fascinating counterfactual. McMeekin, no fan of TE Lawrence, nevertheless picks up his call for the British to land in the Ottoman realm not at Gallipoli, but at Alexandretta (173ff), arguing that such a campaign might have been far more effective for the Entente than the disaster (or, from the Ottoman perspective, glorious victory) of Gallipoli. Speaking of Gallipoli, the book raises the possibility that a Russian attack on Constantinople (which had been promised) during the Entente's bloody campaign might have collapsed the Ottomans as early as 1915 (216ff).

Speaking of Lawrence of Arabia, McMeekin falls squarely into the skeptic's camp. Ottoman Endgame portrays Lawrence as a bungling tactician, "an ineffective liaison officer" (416), a bag man for British imperial cash (according to "a Bedouin sheikh... 'He was the man with the gold'", 361), a maker of myths about himself. Two days after the fall of Damascus, to which his only contribution was to be chauffeured into town afterwards in a Rolls-Royce sedan (the Blue Mist), Lawrence asked [general] Allenby for permission to return to England, whence he returned to begin composing his own legend. (404n)
McMeekin lets us revisit and understand familiar events in new contexts. The Allied attempt on Gallipoli makes more sense considered alongside the other Ottoman battles at the same time, in Suez, Mesopotamia, and the Caucuses. The Young Turks and their maneuvers are more rational in their domestic setting. Sykes-Picot (or Sazonov-Sykes-Picot) appears more ramshackle that I recall, as well as more centered on Russian aspirations. British prime minister Lloyd George comes off as a dangerous fumbler. The Armenian genocide occurs in the midst of several military campaigns, rather than on its own.

Ottoman Endgame also draws attention to underappreciated or simply forgotten aspects of WWI, such as the Battle of Dilman (1915), which helped the Russians drive deeply into the eastern empire (227), and Wilhelm Souchon's brilliant escapades with the SMS Goeben. I was impressed that a second great battle took place in 1915 on the world-historic site of Manzikert, almost a thousand years after the first one. The first Ottoman attack on the Suez canal doesn't get nearly enough attention; I completely missed that there was a second one, in 1916; McMeekin wants us to consider the latter as "the decisive turning point in the British-Ottoman war" (343). McMeekin also would like us to consider the scarcely ever mentioned Macedonian front as "the real catalyst of defeat for the Central Powers" (394), which I'm not fully convinced by, but enjoy thinking through. 

I'd forgotten that the Versailles process raised the idea of putting the United States in charge of big swathes of former Ottoman territory (420ff). The epic, intercontinental carve-up of the Russian empire by the Germans and Ottomans, often neglected in favor of the epic 1918 western front battles, was very well presented. And I was pleased to see the author once more make the case for the vital importance and skills of Russia's one-time foreign minister Sergei Sazonov (example: 185-6) (this was a key point of McMeekin's previous book on WWI and Russia).

I was disappointed at some omissions and topics underplayed. The entry and rapid exit of Romania into the war was very significant in 1916, and had huge implications for the Balkans, but it barely receives a mention (ex: 326). More importantly Austria-Hungary is barely mentioned (cf 370), which is strange, given its huge role in the Balkans, not to mention in kicking off war in 1914. On the Ottoman side I hoped to learn more about culture and society, such as public opinion, attitudes towards the war, etc. But this is more of a diplomatic and military history.

The Ottoman Endgame is well grounded in archival work, especially on the Turkish side.

But one all too rare virtue made me love this book the more: its maps. Oh, what a delight to read a history liberally speckled with maps. Each one is placed precisely where it is most germane. Every one is easy to read. Nearly every single geographical detail in the text is clearly apparent on the relevant map. Publishers and authors, please learn from this book's example!

Overall, I strongly recommend The Ottoman Endgame for every WWI reader, as well as for anyone curious about the modern Middle East, and for anyone interested in fine historical nonfiction.

The Ottoman Endgame is the first, and definitive, single-volume history of the Ottoman empire's decade-long war for survival. Beginning with Italy's invasion of Ottoman Tripoli in September 1911, the opening salvo in what would soon spiral into a European conflict, the book concludes with the establishment of Turkish independence in the Treaty of Lausanne, 1923. This is the first time an author has woven the entire epic together from start to finish - and it will cause many readers to fundamentally reevaluate their understanding of the conflict. The consequences, well into the 21st century, could not have been more momentous.

The Ottoman Endgame War, Revolution, and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1908-1923

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