Luc Boltanski

Eve Chiapello

In this major work, the sociologists Eve Chiapello and Luc Boltanski go to the heart of the changes in contemporary business culture. Via an unprecedented analysis of the latest management texts that have formed the thinking of employers in their organization of business, the authors trace the contours of a new spirit of capitalism. They argue that from the middle of the 1970s onwards, capitalism abandoned the hierarchical Fordist work structure and developed a new network-based form of organization which was founded on employee initiative and autonomy in the workplace – a 'freedom' that came at the cost of material and psychological security. The authors connect this new spirit with the children of the libertarian and romantic currents of the late 1960s (as epitomised by dressed-down. cool capitalists such as Bill Gates and 'Ben and Jerry') arguing that they practice a more successful and subtle form of exploitation. In a work that is already a classic in Europe, Boltanski and Chiapello show how the new spirit triumphed thanks to a remarkable recuperation of the Left's critique of the alienation of everyday life – a recuperation that simultaneously undermined the power of its social critique.

The New Spirit of Capitalism

Gregory Elliott

New Spirit of Capitalism

Nancy Fraser, New School for Social Research --

A Sociology of Emancipation

On Critique

In this major work, sociologists Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello go to the heart of the changes in contemporary capitalism. Via an unprecedented analysis of the latest management texts that have formed the thinking of employers in their reorganization of business, the authors trace the contours of a new spirit of capitalism. They argue that from the middle of the 1970s onwards, capitalism abandoned the hierarchical Fordist work structure and developed a new network-based form of organization that was founded on employee initiative and autonomy in the workplace-a "freedom" that came at the cost of material and psychological security. The authors connect this new spirit with the children of the libertarian and romantic currents of the late 1960s (as epitomised by dressed-down, cool capitalists such as Bill Gates and "Ben and Jerry") arguing that they practice a more successful and subtle-form of exploitation. Now a classic work charting the sociological structure of neoliberalism, Boltanski and Chiapello show how the new spirit triumphed thanks to a remarkable recuperation of the left's critique of the alienation of everyday life that simultaneously undermined their "social critique." In this new edition, the two authors reflect on the reception of the book and the debates it has stimulated.

People care a great deal about justice. They protest and engage in confrontations with others when their sense of justice is affronted or disturbed. When they do this, they don’t generally act in a strategic or calculating way but use arguments that claim a general validity. Disputes are commonly regulated by these ‘regimes of justice’ implicit in everyday social life. But justice is not the only regime that governs action. There are some actions that are selfless and gratuitous, and that belong to what might be called a regime of ‘peace’ or ‘love’. In the course of their everyday lives, people constantly move back and forth between these two regimes, that of justice and that of love. And everyone also has the capacity for violence, which arises when the regulation of action within either of these regimes breaks down. In Love and Justice as Competences, Boltanski lays out this highly original framework for analysing the action of individuals as they pursue their day-to-day lives. The framework outlined in this important book is the basis for the path-breaking work that he has developed over the last twenty years – work that has examined the moral foundations of society in and through the forms of everyday conflict. For anyone who wants to understand what a critical sociology might mean today, this book is an essential text.

Love and Justice as Competences

Laurent Thévenot

A vital and underappreciated dimension of social interaction is the way individuals justify their actions to others, instinctively drawing on their experience to appeal to principles they hope will command respect. Individuals, however, often misread situations, and many disagreements can be explained by people appealing, knowingly and unknowingly, to different principles. On Justification is the first English translation of Luc Boltanski and Laurent Thévenot's ambitious theoretical examination of these phenomena, a book that has already had a huge impact on French sociology and is likely to have a similar influence in the English-speaking world. In this foundational work of post-Bourdieu sociology, the authors examine a wide range of situations where people justify their actions. The authors argue that justifications fall into six main logics exemplified by six authors: civic (Rousseau), market (Adam Smith), industrial (Saint-Simon), domestic (Bossuet), inspiration (Augustine), and fame (Hobbes). The authors show how these justifications conflict, as people compete to legitimize their views of a situation. On Justification is likely to spark important debates across the social sciences.

Economies of Worth

On Justification

Presenting a foundational work of post-Bourdieu sociology, this book examines situations where people justify their actions. The authors argue that justifications fall into six main logics exemplified by six authors: civic (Rousseau), market (Adam Smith), industrial (Saint-Simon), domestic (Bossuet), inspiration (Augustine), and fame (Hobbes).

Arnaud Esquerre

This book offers a major new account of modern capitalism and of the ways in which value and wealth are created today. Boltanski and Esquerre argue that capitalism in the West has recently undergone a fundamental transformation characterized by de-industrialization, on the one hand, and, on the other, by the increased exploitation of certain resources that, while not entirely new, have taken on unprecedented importance. It is this new form of exploitation that has given rise to what they call the ‘enrichment economy’. The enrichment economy is based less on the production of new objects and more on the enrichment of things and places that already exist. It has grown out of a combination of many different activities and phenomena, all of which involve, in their varying ways, the exploitation of the past. The enrichment economy draws upon the trade in things that are intended above all for the wealthy, thus providing a supplementary source of enrichment for the wealthy people who deal in these things and exacerbating income inequality. As opportunities to profit from the exploitation of industrial labour began to diminish, capitalism shifted its focus to expand the range of things that could be exploited. This gave rise to a plurality of different forms for making things valuable – valuing objects in terms of their properties is only one such form. The form that plays a central role in the enrichment economy is what the authors call the ‘collection form’, which values objects based on the gap they fill in a collection. This valuation process relies on the creation of narratives which enrich commodities. This wide-ranging and highly original work makes a major contribution to our understanding of contemporary societies and of how capitalism is changing today. It will be of great value to students and scholars in sociology, political economy and cultural studies, as well as to anyone interested in the social and economic transformations shaping our world.

A Critique of Commodities

Enrichment

Longtemps portée par la conviction, formulée par Pierre Bourdieu, que "l'individuel, et même le personnel, le subjectif, est social, collectif ", la sociologie avait pour tâche de dévoiler à chacun les forces inconscientes qui le mouvaient en réalité. A l'orée des années 1990, elle a connu un tournant majeur : elle pose désormais que les acteurs savent ce qu'ils font, pourquoi et comment. Ils ont des compétences. Cet ouvrage de Luc Boltanski a marqué le tournant : il esquisse les modèles destinés à clarifier les capacités que les personnes mettent en oeuvre lorsqu'elles réclament justice, lorsque, renonçant au calcul et, par conséquent, au recours à la norme, elles se lancent dans des actions gratuites, ou bien au contraire recourent à la force. Autant d'approches qui posent la question de l'injustice et des manoeuvres que chacun entreprend pour obtenir réparation. Plus en profondeur, c'est l'identité des individus qui s'en trouve bouleversée : elle n'est plus singulière ni d'un bloc, définitivement assignée par la place occupée dans le champ social, mais plurielle et construite largement par l'individu.

trois essais de sociologie de l'action

L'amour et la justice comme compétences

Ève Chiapello

Der Geist des Kapitalismus verdankt seinen Triumph der Fähigkeit, die gegen ihn gerichtete Kritik aufzugreifen und zu verarbeiten. So hat das Maß der persönlichen Autonomie am Arbeitsplatz in den kapitalistischen Produktionsformen der Gegenwart zwar erheblich zugenommen, eine Forderung, die die künstlerische Avantgarde der 68er ins Zentrum ihrer Kritik an der Allianz zwischen Bürokratie und Kapital gestellt hatte. Dies geschah allerdings um den Preis der Berufs sicher heit, der Planbarkeit von Karrieren, verlässlicher Strukturen. Soziale Desintegrationsprozesse auf der kollektiven und erhöhter psychischer Druck auf der Ebene des einzelnen Individuums sind Folgen dieser Entwicklung. Einstweilen bleibt die Kritik an diesem neuen Kapitalismus machtlos, weil sie die Gegenwart an vergangenen Idealen misst und die sozialen Konflikte der Gegenwart mit Begriffen zu beschreiben versucht, die in der ökonomischen Realität des 21. Jahrhunderts keinen Sinn mehr ergeben. Neue Interpretationsmuster aber werden den Legitimations druck auf den Kapitalismus erhöhen – insbesondere dort, wo wachsende Gerechtigkeitsdefizite augenscheinlich werden. Der Geist des Kapitalismus wird seine Antwort nicht schuldig bleiben. Luc Boltanski ist Forschungsdirektor an der École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Paris. Ève Chiapello ist wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin an der École des hautes études commerciales, Paris.

Der neue Geist des Kapitalismus

The detective story, focused on inquiries, and in its wake the spy novel, built around conspiracies, developed as genres in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. During the same period, psychiatry was inventing paranoia, sociology was devising new forms of causality to explain the social lives of individuals and groups and political science was shifting the problematics of paranoia from the psychic to the social realm and seeking to explain historical events in terms of conspiracy theories. In each instance, social reality was cast into doubt. We owe the project of organizing and unifying this reality for a particular population and territory to the nation-state as it took shape at the end of the nineteenth century. Thus the figure of conspiracy became the focal point for suspicions concerning the exercise of power. Where does power really lie, and who actually holds it? The national authorities that are presumed to be responsible for it, or other agencies acting in the shadows - bankers, anarchists, secret societies, the ruling class? Questions of this kind provided the scaffolding for political ontologies that banked on a doubly distributed reality: an official but superficial reality and its opposite, a deeper, hidden, threatening reality that was unofficial but much more real. Crime fiction and spy fiction, paranoia and sociology - more or less concomitant inventions - had in common a new way of problematizing reality and of working through the contradictions inherit in it. The adventures of the conflict between these two realities - superficial versus real - provide the framework for this highly original book. Through an exploration of the work of the great masters of detective stories and spy novels - G.K. Chesterton, Arthur Conan Doyle, John Le Carré and Graham Greene among others - Boltanski shows that these works of fiction and imagination tell us something fundamental about the nature of modern societies and the modern state.

Detective Stories, Spy Novels and the Making of Modern Societies

Mysteries and Conspiracies

Jean-Louis Laville

Bruno Frère

Dans cet ouvrage, Bruno Frère montre comment l'imaginaire associationniste de l'économie qualifiée aujourd'hui de " solidaire " plonge ses racines profondes dans les mouvements et les pensées révolutionnaires libertaires qui ont agité la France du milieu du XIXe siècle. Ces mouvements apparaissaient alors comme une réelle proposition d'organisation sociale et politique alternative à l'économie de marché, sans pour autant céder aux sirènes du socialisme organisé et à la dictature du prolétariat. Ils portaient les espoirs de résorber ce qui apparaissait comme étant une première crise de la modernité. Aujourd'hui, cet imaginaire semble renaître avec les initiatives de microcrédit, d'entreprises alternatives, de services de proximité, de commerce équitable et d'échanges non monétaires. Peut-on déjà y voir une voie de sortie hors de la crise actuelle la modernité ?

Le nouvel esprit solidaire

Was hat die Kriminalliteratur mit der Paranoia und den Sozialwissenschaften zu tun? Dieser Frage geht Luc Boltanski in seinem höchst originellen Buch nach. Seine Antwort: Wie die Sozialwissenschaften entsteht auch die Kriminalliteratur um die Wende vom 19. zum 20. Jahrhundert, und in diese Zeit fällt auch die Entdeckung der Paranoia in der Psychiatrie. Zusammen zeugen sie von einem sich zunehmend verbreitenden Zweifel an der »Realität der Realität«, der als Symptom der Moderne gelten kann. Boltanski deckt diesen faszinierenden Zusammenhang zwischen Kriminalliteratur, Paranoia und Wissenschaft insbesondere durch fulminante Analysen der Romane von Arthur Conan Doyle und Georges Simenon auf.

Kriminalliteratur, Paranoia, moderne Gesellschaft

Rätsel und Komplotte

Libro que analiza las causas que han llevado al debilitamiento de la crítica y al fatalismo dominante en sociedad actual, provocados por los derroteros tomados por el capitalismo en los últimos años.

El nuevo espíritu del capitalismo

Distant Suffering, first published in 1999, examines the moral and political implications for a spectator of the distant suffering of others as presented through the media. What are the morally acceptable responses to the sight of suffering on television, for example, when the viewer cannot act directly to affect the circumstances in which the suffering takes place? Luc Boltanski argues that spectators can actively involve themselves and others by speaking about what they have seen and how they were affected by it. Developing ideas in Adam Smith's moral theory, he examines three rhetorical 'topics' available for the expression of the spectator's response to suffering: the topics of denunciation and of sentiment and the aesthetic topic. The book concludes with a discussion of a 'crisis of pity' in relation to modern forms of humanitarianism. A possible way out of this crisis is suggested which involves an emphasis and focus on present suffering.

Luc Boltanski

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