Paul Weingartner

Alternative Logics. Do Sciences Need Them?

The present book is a book on epistemology with the special and new focus on the relation of different types of knowledge and a differentiated comparison to both scientific and religious belief. The present book distinguishes seven types of knowledge and compares them with both scientific and religious belief. The ususal view is that scientific and religious belief have nothing or not much in common. Although there are important differences, in contradistinction to this widespread view it is shown that there are also many similarities between them. There are similarities concerning the reasons for belief, with respect to the action of believing, concerning a similar voluntary component, or even concerning properties of the content of belief. A detailed discussion of many types of knowledge and a differentiated comparison to scientific and religious belief is an important new contribution to the scientific literature in epistemology.

Knowledge and Scientific and Religious Belief

Gerhard Schurz

Berichte des 13. Internationalen Wittgenstein-Symposiums, 14. bis 21. August 1988, Kirchberg am Wechsel (Osterreich)

Grenzfragen zwischen Philosophie und Naturwissenschaft

The aim of the book is to clarify the concept of omniscience. This is done first by discussing basic questions on omniscience (chs.1-12) and secondly by offering a theory of omniscience as an axiomatic system in which also a definition of omniscience is given (ch.13). The twelve chapters deal with questions like whether everything is true what God knows, whether God ́s knowledge is bound to time, whether it concerns singular truths or only laws, whether it extends also to contingent futureevents.etc. The book is neither a book about the existence of God nor about proofs for his existence. It is a book about the possibility of a consistent concept of omniscience which can be attributed to God. And it invalidates opposite claims and shows that they are based on wrong or very doubtful premises. The pros and cons at the beginning of each chapter represent different positions and objections which are clarified and discussed in the answer to the objections.

From a Logical Point of View

Omniscience

Gesammelte Aufsätze: 1961-1993

The aim of the book is to show that the Five Ways of Thomas Aquinas, i.e. his five arguments to prove the existence of God, are logically correct arguments by the standards of modern Predicate Logic. In the first chapter this is done by commenting on the two preliminary articles preceeding the Five Ways in which Thomas Aquinas points out that on the one hand the existence of God is not self-evident to us and on the other hand, that, similar as in some scientific explanations, the mere existence of a cause for an effect which is evidently known to us can be proved. In the second chapter every argument is translated into the symbolic form of Predicate Logic and its logical validity is shown. Additionally a detailed and critical discussion of the premises of each argument is given.

A Logical Commentary on the Five Ways of Thomas Aquinas

God ́s Existence. Can it be Proven?

Logic, philosophy of science and epistemology

Neuere Entwicklungen in Der Erkenntnis- und Wissenschaftstheorie

Bernhard Ritter

Gabriele M. Mras

This volume presents different conceptions of logic and mathematics and discuss their philosophical foundations and consequences. This concerns first of all topics of Wittgenstein's ideas on logic and mathematics; questions about the structural complexity of propositions; the more recent debate about Neo-Logicism and Neo-Fregeanism; the comparison and translatability of different logics; the foundations of mathematics: intuitionism, mathematical realism, and formalism. The contributing authors are Matthias Baaz, Francesco Berto, Jean-Yves Beziau, Elena Dragalina-Chernya, Günther Eder, Susan Edwards-McKie, Oliver Feldmann, Juliet Floyd, Norbert Gratzl, Richard Heinrich, Janusz Kaczmarek, Wolfgang Kienzler, Timm Lampert, Itala Maria Loffredo D'Ottaviano, Paolo Mancosu, Matthieu Marion, Felix Mühlhölzer, Charles Parsons, Edi Pavlovic, Christoph Pfisterer, Michael Potter, Richard Raatzsch, Esther Ramharter, Stefan Riegelnik, Gabriel Sandu, Georg Schiemer, Gerhard Schurz, Dana Scott, Stewart Shapiro, Karl Sigmund, William W. Tait, Mark van Atten, Maria van der Schaar, Vladimir Vasyukov, Jan von Plato, Jan Woleński and Richard Zach.

Proceedings of the 41st International Ludwig Wittgenstein Symposium

Philosophy of Logic and Mathematics

This book is a logical and philosophical analysis of the problem of evil in the light of a modern theodicy. Definitions are given for several kinds of evil like - basic evil, - necessary evil, - legitimate evil, - illegitimate evil, - moral evil. Many evils are contingent and avoidable since a global determinism is untenable. A special explanation is given for the fact: How evil accompanies the good. Can evil be desired at all? Omnipotence is acceptable, allwillingness is refutable. To the main question of theodicy three explanations are offered and it is shown that the attacks against theism with the help of the existence of evil, like Hume's and other arguments are either logical fallacies or use false or very problematic premises. The appendix shows that there are consistent theories with the theses: God is omniscient and omnipotent, whatever God wills is good, there are different evils including moral evil."

Different Kinds of Evil in the Light of a Modern Theodicy

Evil

Michael Ernst

Wolfgang Schöner

Der Kommentar von Thomas von Aquin zum Johannes-Evangelium ist ein Meisterwerk christlicher Exegese. Nach Otto Hermann Pesch, der mehrere Bände der deutschen Thomas-Ausgabe übersetzt hat, geht der Kommentar unmittelbar der Ausarbeitung der Christologie in der Summa Theologiae voraus und zeigt Thomas auf der Höhe seines exegetischen Könnens. Die Erschließung der Evangelienstellen beginnt jeweils damit, dass in einer systematischen Gliederung herausgearbeitet wird, was der Evangelist beabsichtigte und wie er vorging, um es zu erreichen. Auf der Grundlage dieses Gerüsts werden dann die verschiedenartigsten Erklärungen gegeben, zum Beispiel sachlich-historische, betreffend etwa Gegebenheiten der jüdischen Religion und des Alltagslebens, die Topographie des Heiligen Landes, die Bedeutung von Orts- und Personennamen oder die Chronologie der Ereignisse im Leben Christi. Dabei versucht Thomas, Erklärungen zu finden für die Unterschiede der Darstellung zwischen den Evangelisten. Ferner erörtert der Aquinat, vor allem in den ersten elf Lectiones und oft im Rückgriff auf Aristoteles, Fragen mit philosophischen Implikationen, etwa zum Begriff des Wortes (Logos, Inneres Wort). In einem nächsten Schritt setzt Th. v. Aquin die jeweils besprochene Evangelienstelle in Beziehung zu anderen Texten biblischen und außerbiblischen Ursprungs. Des Weiteren widmet Thomas von Aquin der Auseinandersetzung mit Häresien große Aufmerksamkeit, die er meistens durch den Nachweis eines Widerspruchs zu entkräften unternimmt, in dem sie zur Heiligen Schrift selber stehen.

Thomas von Aquins Kommentar zum Johannesevangelium

Winfried Löffler

Papers of the 26th International Wittgenstein Symposium, August 3-9, 2003, Kirchberg Am Wechsel

Knowledge and Belief

Like relativity and quantum theory chaos research is another prominent concept of 20th century physics that has triggered deep and far-reaching discussions in the philosophy of science. In this volume outstanding scientists discuss the fundamental problems of the concepts of law and of prediction. They present their views in their contributions to this volume, but they also are exposed to criticism in transcriptions of recordings made during discussions and in comments on their views also published in this book. Although all authors assume familiarity with some background in physics they also address the philosophers of science and even a general audience interested in modern science's contribution to a deeper understanding of reality.

Paul Weingartner

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