European Science Foundation

Richard Bonney

Systèmes économiques et finances publiques

One of the main achievements of the research programme has been to overcome the long-established historiographical tendency to regard states mainly from the viewpoint of their twentieth-century borders.

The Individual in Political Theory and Practice

Annual Report

European Space Sciences Committee

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Space Studies Board

Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences

Committee to Review the MEPAG Report on Mars Special Regions

Planetary protection is a guiding principle in the design of an interplanetary mission, aiming to prevent biological contamination of both the target celestial body and the Earth. The protection of high-priority science goals, the search for life and the understanding of the Martian organic environment may be compromised if Earth microbes carried by spacecraft are grown and spread on Mars. This has led to the definition of Special Regions on Mars where strict planetary protection measures have to be applied before a spacecraft can enter these areas. At NASA's request, the community-based Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group (MEPAG) established the Special Regions Science Analysis Group (SR-SAG2) in October 2013 to examine the quantitative definition of a Special Region and proposed modifications to it, as necessary, based upon the latest scientific results. Review of the MEPAG Report on Mars Special Regions reviews the conclusions and recommendations contained in MEPAG's SR-SAG2 report and assesses their consistency with current understanding of both the Martian environment and the physical and chemical limits for the survival and propagation of microbial and other life on Earth. This report provides recommendations for an update of the planetary protection requirements for Mars Special Regions.

Review of the MEPAG Report on Mars Special Regions

Nils Göran David Malmqvist

The Short Story

A Selective Guide to Chinese Literature, 1900-1949

This volume includes twelve studies mostly based on research results presented at two workshops of the European Science Foundation international project "Nazi Occupation in Europe: The Impact of National Socialist and Fascist Rule in Europe, 1938-1950"- Research Team "Persecution of the Jews". The attempt to analyze the attitudes and behavior of the populations in different countries ruled or occupied by the Nazis and their allies (Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Poland, Lithuania, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Hungary) towards the Jews facing genocide, was made with a specific underlying question, namely: under what circumstances are people ready to accept or even support the discrimination, segregation, persecution, and annihilation of their fellow-citizens? The degree of indifference to the fate of the Jews and the background of such attitudes are the focus of attention of most of the authors

Non-Jews and Jews in Europe

Facing the Nazi Genocide

Discusses the analysis, comparison and integration of computational approaches to learning and research on human learning. This book aims to provide the reader with an overview of the prolific research on learning throughout the disciplines. It also highlights the important research issues and methodologies.

Towards an Interdisciplinary Learning Science

Learning in Humans and Machines

These two volumes present the methodology and results of an international research project on second language acquisition by adult immigrants. This project went beyond other studies in at least three respects: in the number of languages studied simultaneously; in the organisation of co-ordinated longitudinal studies in different linguistic environments; and in the type and range of linguistic phenomena investigated. It placed the study of second languages and inter-ethnic discourse on a firm empirical footing. Volume 1 explains and evaluates the research design adopted for the project. Volume 2 summarises the cross-linguistic results, under two main headings: native/non-native speaker interaction, and language production. Together they present the reader with a complete research procedure, and in doing so, make explicit the links between research questions, methodology, and results.

Cross-Linguistic Perspectives

Adult Language Acquisition: Volume 1, Field Methods

Emeritus Professor of Art History Allan Ellenius

Representations of political power play an important role in Western art history from the late Middle Ages up to modern times. This volume by leading experts is a wide-ranging survey of significant trends in the development of political imagery.

Iconography, Propaganda, and Legitimation

The aim of the Selective Guide is to facilitate the first stage of research for those interested in Chinese literature between 1900 and 1949. It provides the reader with basic information on more than 300 words by Chinese writers. The contributions are based on independent research of sinologists from numerous countries. The guide consists of four volumes, which deal with the novel, the short story, the poem, and the drama (the current volume) respectively. Each volume contains an introduction which surveys the development of the particular genre and its characteristics in the period covered. All entries contain bibliographical information, summary of content and appraisal of the work as well as references to secondary sources and translations.

The Drama

A Selective Guide to Chinese Literature 1900-1949

The Poem

Committee on Planetary Protection Requirements for Sample Return Missions from Martian Moons

An international consensus policy to prevent the biological cross-contamination of planetary bodies exists and is maintained by the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) of the International Council for Science, which is consultative to the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Currently, COSPAR's planetary protection policy does not specify the status of sample-return missions from Phobos or Deimos, the moons of Mars. Although the moons themselves are not considered potential habitats for life or of intrinsic relevance to prebiotic chemical evolution, recent studies indicate that a significant amount of material recently ejected from Mars could be present on the surface of Phobos and, to a lesser extent, Deimos. This report reviews recent theoretical, experimental, and modeling research on the environments and physical conditions encountered by Mars ejecta during certain processes. It recommends whether missions returning samples from Phobos and/or Deimos should be classified as "restricted" or "unrestricted" Earth return in the framework of the planetary protection policy maintained by COSPAR. This report also considers the specific ways the classification of sample return from Deimos is a different case than sample return from Phobos.

Planetary Protection Classification of Sample Return Missions from the Martian Moons

An international consensus policy to prevent the biological cross-contamination of planetary bodies exists and is maintained by the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) of the International Council for Science, which is consultative to the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Currently, COSPARâ€™s planetary protection policy does not specify the status of sample-return missions from Phobos or Deimos, the moons of Mars. Although the moons themselves are not considered potential habitats for life or of intrinsic relevance to prebiotic chemical evolution, recent studies indicate that a significant amount of material recently ejected from Mars could be present on the surface of Phobos and, to a lesser extent, Deimos. This report reviews recent theoretical, experimental, and modeling research on the environments and physical conditions encountered by Mars ejecta during certain processes. It recommends whether missions returning samples from Phobos and/or Deimos should be classified as â€œrestrictedâ€ or â€œunrestrictedâ€ Earth return in the framework of the planetary protection policy maintained by COSPAR. This report also considers the specific ways the classification of sample return from Deimos is a different case than sample return from Phobos.

European Science Foundation

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