Lea Ypi

Coming of Age at the End of History

Free

Lea Ypi grew up in one of the most isolated countries on earth, a place where communist ideals had officially replaced religion. Albania, the last Stalinist outpost in Europe, was almost impossible to visit, almost impossible to leave. It was a place of queuing and scarcity, of political executions and secret police. To Lea, it was home. People were equal, neighbours helped each other, and children were expected to build a better world. There was community and hope. Then, in December 1990, a year after the fall of the Berlin Wall, everything changed. The statues of Stalin and Hoxha were toppled. Almost overnight, people could vote freely, wear what they liked and worship as they wished. There was no longer anything to fear from prying ears. But factories shut, jobs disappeared and thousands fled to Italy on crowded ships, only to be sent back. Predatory pyramid schemes eventually bankrupted the country, leading to violent conflict. As one generation's aspirations became another's disillusionment, and as her own family's secrets were revealed, Lea found herself questioning what freedom really meant. Free is an engrossing memoir of coming of age amid political upheaval. With acute insight and wit, Lea Ypi traces the limits of progress and the burden of the past, illuminating the spaces between ideals and reality, and the hopes and fears of people pulled up by the sweep of history.

Albanien 1989: Der letzte stalinistische Außenposten in Europa, ein isoliertes Land, das man nur schwer besuchen und noch schwerer verlassen kann. Es herrschen Mangelwirtschaft, Geheimpolizei und das Proletariat. Der Kommunismus hat den Platz der Religion übernommen. Für die zehnjährige Lea Ypi ist dieses Land ihr Zuhause: Ein Ort der Geborgenheit, des Lernens, der Hoffnung und der Freiheit. Alles ändert sich, als in Berlin die Mauer fällt und in Tirana Enver Hoxhas Statue vom Sockel stürzt. Jetzt können die Menschen wählen, wen sie wollen, sich kleiden, wie sie wollen, anbeten, was sie wollen. Aber die neue Zeit zeigt bald ihr unfreundliches Gesicht: Skrupellose Geschäftemacher ruinieren die Wirtschaft, die Aussicht auf eine bessere Zukunft löst sich auf in Arbeitslosigkeit und Massenflucht. Als das Land im Chaos zu versinken droht und in ihrer Familie Geheimnisse ans Licht kommen, beginnt Lea sich zu fragen, was das eigentlich ist: Freiheit. In hinreißender Prosa erzählt Lea Ypi von ihrem Erwachsenwerden im poststalinistischen Albanien und einer schillernden Familie, deren Geschichte eng mit der des Landes verwoben ist. Frei ist ein fesselndes Memoir und eine scharfsinnige Reflexion über die Grenzen des Fortschritts und die Last der Vergangenheit, über glänzende Ideale und harte Realitäten. Vor allem aber über die Leben von Menschen, die vom Sturm der Geschichte erfasst werden.

Erwachsenwerden am Ende der Geschichte

Frei

A reflection on “freedom” in a dramatic, beautifully written memoir of the end of Communism in the Balkans. Lea Ypi grew up in the last Stalinist country in Europe: Albania, a place of queuing and scarcity, of political executions and secret police. While family members disappeared to what she was told were “universities” from which few “graduated,” she swore loyalty to the Party. In her eyes, people were equal, neighbors helped each other, and children were expected to build a better world. Then the statues of Stalin and Hoxha were toppled. Almost overnight, people could vote and worship freely, and invest in hopes of striking it rich. But factories shut, jobs disappeared, and thousands fled to Italy, only to be sent back. Pyramid schemes bankrupted the country, leading to violence. One generation’s dreams became another’s disillusionment. As her own family’s secrets were revealed, Ypi found herself questioning what “freedom” really means. With acute insight and wit, Ypi traces the perils of ideology, and what people need to flourish.

Free: A Child and a Country at the End of History

Özgür - Her Sey Parcalanirken Büyümek

Un deslumbrante retrato personal, histórico y político del derrumbe del estalinismo en Albania y la turbulenta llegada de la democracia. Cuando era una niña, con apenas once años, Lea Ypi fue testigo del fin del mundo. Al menos del fin de un mundo. En 1990 el régimen comunista de Albania, el último bastión del estalinismo en Europa, se desplomó. Ella, adoctrinada en la escuela, no entendía por qué se derribaban las estatuas de Stalin y Hoxha, pero con los monumentos cayeron también los secretos y los silencios: se desvelaron los mecanismos de control de la población, los asesinatos de la policía secreta... El cambio de sistema político dio paso a la democracia, pero no todo fue color de rosa. La transición hacia el liberalismo supuso la reestructuración de la economía, la pérdida masiva de empleos, la oleada migratoria hacia Italia, la corrupción y la quiebra del país. En el entorno familiar, ese período trajo sorpresas inauditas para Lea: descubrió qué eran las «universidades» en las que supuestamente habían «estudiado» sus padres y por qué estos hablaban en clave o en susurros; supo que un antepasado había formado parte de un gobierno anterior al comunismo y que a la familia le habían expropiado sus bienes. Mezcla de memorias, ensayo histórico y reflexión sociopolítica, con el añadido de una prosa de soberbia factura literaria y pinceladas de un humor tendente al absurdo –como no podía ser de otra manera, dado el lugar y tiempo que se retrata–, Libre es de una lucidez deslumbrante: refleja, desde la experiencia personal, un momento convulso de transformación política que no necesariamente desembocó en justicia y libertad.

El desafío de crecer en el fin de la historia

Libre

Lea Ypi grew up in one of the most isolated countries on earth, a place where communist ideals had officially replaced religion. Albania, the last Stalinist outpost in Europe, was almost impossible to visit, almost impossible to leave. It was a place of queuing and scarcity, of political executions and secret police. To Lea, it was home. People were equal, neighbours helped each other, and children were expected to build a better world. There was community and hope. Then, in December 1990, a year after the fall of the Berlin Wall, everything changed. The statues of Stalin and Hoxha were toppled. Almost overnight, people could vote freely, wear what they liked and worship as they wished. There was no longer anything to fear from prying ears. But factories shut, jobs disappeared and thousands fled to Italy on crowded ships, only to be sent back. Predatory pyramid schemes eventually bankrupted the country, leading to violent conflict. As one generation''s aspirations became another''s disillusionment, and as her own family''s secrets were revealed, Lea found herself questioning what freedom really meant. Free is an engrossing memoir of coming of age amid political upheaval. With acute insight and wit, Lea Ypi traces the limits of progress and the burden of the past, illuminating the spaces between ideals and reality, and the hopes and fears of people pulled up by the sweep of history.

Wat is de ware betekenis van vrijheid? Lea Ypi groeit op in Albanië, een van de meest geïsoleerde landen ter wereld, waar communistische idealen de plaats van religie innemen. Deze laatste stalinistische uithoek van Europa wordt geteisterd door schaarste en politieke executies, maar voor Lea is het haar thuis. Een plek waar mensen gelijk zijn en buren elkaar helpen – een plek van saamhorigheid en hoop. Een jaar na het neerhalen van de Berlijnse Muur komt het socialisme in Albanië in een vrije val terecht. Verkiezingen, kledingkeuze en religie worden ineens vrijgegeven, maar fabrieken sluiten, banen verdwijnen en het land gaat failliet. Terwijl de droom van haar ouders’ generatie verwordt tot de desillusie van de hare en familiegeheimen aan het licht komen, begint Lea zich af te vragen wat vrijheid nou echt betekent. Vrij is een onvergetelijk boek over volwassen worden te midden van politieke onrust. Ypi verkent op ingenieuze wijze de grenzen van vooruitgang en de last van het verleden, belicht de dunne lijn tussen idealen en werkelijkheid en onderzoekt waar onderdrukking en vrijheid elkaar raken.

Vrij

Este livro foi escrito ao longo do período de isolamento provocado pela pandemia de Covid-19. A experiência, ainda que em circunstâncias distintas, remeteu a autora ao lockdown vivido na Albânia, em 1997, em decorrência da guerra civil que sobreveio ao fim do regime socialista. Foi assim que nasceu Livre, misto de livro de memórias e teoria política que causou furor ao ser lançado no mundo de língua inglesa em 2021. Nascida na Albânia em 1979, Lea Ypi fala de seus anos de formação num país isolado pelo totalitarismo. Com humor e leveza, Ypi relembra a infância sob o regime socialista, a adoração aos líderes Enver Hoxha e Ióssif Stálin e a presença constante do Partido em todos os aspectos da vida. A consciência acerca do regime autoritário em que vivia se dá em paralelo ao processo de abertura política do país, que acaba resultando em uma guerra civil. O que torna a narrativa profundamente envolvente, além do amadurecimento político da pequena Lea, é a descoberta de como os pais e a adorada avó encobriam a realidade para protegê-la. Professora de teoria política e especialista em Marx, Lea Ypi apresenta o socialismo a seus alunos como uma teoria da liberdade humana. Enquanto seus pais acreditavam que o liberalismo traria liberdade, a autora não alimentava essa ilusão. Vem daí a singularidade deste livro: ao contrário do que desejariam alguns, a tomada de consciência da autora em relação aos descalabros do regime comunista não se traduz em aceitação ingênua das iniquidades do mundo.

Livre

Sarah Fine

This volume presents the latest work on the ethics of movement and membership by a team of leading international scholars whose writings have contributed to shaping this field.

The Ethics of Movement and Membership

Migration in Political Theory

Jonathan White

For a century at least, parties have been central to the study of politics. Yet their typical conceptual reduction to a network of power-seeking elites has left many to wonder why parties were ever thought crucial to democracy. This book seeks to retrieve a richer conception of partisanship, drawing on modern political thought and extending it in the light of contemporary democratic theory and practice. Looking beyond the party as organization, the book develops an original account of what it is to be a partisan. It examines the ideas, orientations, obligations, and practices constitutive of partisanship properly understood, and how these intersect with the core features of democratic life. Such an account serves to underline in distinctive fashion why democracy needs its partisans, and puts in relief some of the key trends of contemporary politics.

The Meaning of Partisanship

Katrin Flikschuh

This is the first book dedicated to a systematic exploration of Kant's position on colonialism. Bringing together a team of leading scholars in both the history of political thought and normative theory, the chapters in the volume seek to place Kant's thoughts on colonialism in historical context, examine the tensions that the assessment of colonialism produces in Kant's work, and evaluate the relevance of these reflections for current debates on global justice and the relation of Western political thinking to other parts of the world.

Historical and Critical Perspectives

Kant and Colonialism

The Architectonic of Pure Reason, one of the most important sections of Kant's first Critique, raises three fundamental questions. What can I know? What should I do? What may I hope? Taken together these questions converge on a fourth one, which is at the centre of philosophy as a whole: what is the human being? Lea Ypi suggests that the answer to this question is tied to a particular account of the unity of reason - one that stresses its purposive character. By focusing on the sources, evolution and function of Kant's concept of purposiveness, this book shows that the idea of purposiveness that Kant endorses in the Critique of Pure Reason is a concept of purposiveness as intelligent design, quite different from the concept of purposiveness as normativity that will become central to his later works. In the case of purposiveness as design, the relationship between reason and nature is anchored to the idea of God. In the case of purposiveness as normativity, it is anchored to the concept of reflexive judgment, and grounded on transcendental freedom. Understanding this shift has important implications for some of the most difficult questions that confront the Kantian system: the passage from the system of nature to that of freedom, the relation between faith and knowledge, the philosophical defence of progress in history, and the role of religion. It is also crucial to shed light on the way in which Kant's critique has shaped the successive German philosophical tradition.

Purposiveness and Systematic Unity in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason

The Architectonic of Reason

Written by an international team of leading political and legal theory scholars whose writings have contributed to shaping the field, Migration in Political Theory presents seminal new work on the ethics of movement and membership. The volume addresses challenging and under-researched themes on the subject of migration. It debates the question of whether we ought to recognize a human right to immigrate, and whether it might be legitimate to restrict emigration. The authors critically examine criteria for selecting would-be migrants, and for acquiring citizenship. They discuss tensions between the claims of immigrants and existing residents, and tackle questions of migrant worker exploitation and responsibility for refugees. The book illustrates the importance of drawing on the tools of political theory to clarify, criticize, and challenge the current terms of the migration debate.

This book focuses on a question issued from The Architectonic of Pure Reason, one of the most important sections of Kant's first Critique: what is the human being? It suggests that the answer to this question is tied to a particular account of the unity of reason - one that stresses its purposive character.

Global Justice and Avant-Garde Political Agency offers a fresh, nuanced example of political theory in an activist mode. Setting the debate on global justice in the context of recent methodological disputes on the relationship between ideal and nonideal theorizing, Ypi's dialectical account shows how principles and agency really can interact

Global Justice and Avant-Garde Political Agency

Written by an international team of leading political and legal theory scholars whose writings have contributed to shaping the field, Migration in Political Theory presents seminal new work on the ethics of movement and membership. The volume addresses challenging and under-researched themes on the subject of migration, and debates the question of whether we ought to recognize a human right to immigrate, and whether it might belegitimate to restrict emigration. The authors critically examine criteria for selecting would-be migrants, and for acquiring citizenship, as well as the tensions between the claims of immigrants and existingresidents, and tackle questions of migrant worker exploitation and responsibility for refugees. All of the chapters illustrate the importance of drawing on the tools of political theory to clarifying, criticize and challenge the current terms of the migration debate.

Lea Ypi

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