Miranda Fricker

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Power and the Ethics of Knowing

Epistemic Injustice

David Henderson

Peter J. Graham

Jeremy Wyatt

Nikolaj Pedersen

Routledge Handbook of Social Epistemology

Dass Wissen und Macht einander beeinflussen und durchdringen, dass sie sich wechselseitig verstärken oder blockieren können, ist keine neue Einsicht. Umso erstaunlicher ist, dass die Philosophie sehr lange gebraucht hat, um die ethischen Konsequenzen für unser Erkenntnisleben genauer unter die Lupe zu nehmen, die sich insbesondere aus mächtigen Vorurteilen und Stereotypen ergeben. In ihrem wegweisenden Buch, das mittlerweile als ein moderner Klassiker gilt, nimmt sich Miranda Fricker dieser Aufgabe an: Sie erschließt eine für Wissensgesellschaften hochaktuelle Form der Ungerechtigkeit, die sowohl die Menschlichkeit der Betroffenen als auch unsere geteilten Praktiken des Erkennens massiv bedroht. Der Begriff, den Miranda Fricker geprägt hat und der auf den Punkt bringt, was in unserem Erkenntnisleben schiefläuft, lautet «epistemische Ungerechtigkeit». Sie findet statt, wenn beispielsweise Frauen, migrantischen Gemeinschaften oder der Bevölkerung ganzer Kontinente die Fähigkeit abgesprochen wird, relevantes Wissen zu erlangen und verlässliche Wahrnehmungen mitzuteilen. Um ein Unrecht, das Personen in ihrer Eigenschaft als Wissenden geschieht, handelt es sich aber auch dann, wenn marginalisierte Gruppen gar nicht im Besitz der nötigen Deutungsmittel sind – wie z.B. der Begriffe der sexuellen Belästigung oder des Stalking –, um ihre besondere Erfahrung überhaupt als Ungerechtigkeit einordnen zu können. Miranda Fricker enthüllt diese beiden Formen der epistemischen Ungerechtigkeit als mächtige, aber weitgehend stille Dimensionen der Diskriminierung. Dabei untersucht sie nicht nur die besondere Natur des jeweiligen Unrechts, sondern macht auch deutlich, welche Tugenden wir erlernen müssen, um es zu verhindern.

Macht und die Ethik des Wissens

Epistemische Ungerechtigkeit

En esta original obra, Miranda Fricker revela los aspectos éticos y políticos que subyacen en nuestra forma de conocer y comprender y apuesta por reconducir nuestra conducta epistémica hacia un terreno de racionalidad y de justicia. Una injusticia epistémica se produce cuando se anula la capacidad de un sujeto para transmitir conocimiento y dar sentido a sus experiencias sociales. Fricker analiza y hace visible el error que se comete —y las consecuencias que acarrea— cuando se desacredita el discurso de un sujeto por causas ajenas a su contenido. La autora determina dos tipos de injusticia epistémica: la que se produce cuando un emisor es desacreditado debido a los prejuicios que de él tiene su audiencia —la injusticia testimonial—; y la que se produce ante la incapacidad de un colectivo para comprender la experiencia social de un sujeto debido a una falta de recursos interpretativos, poniéndolo en una situación de desventaja y de credibilidad reducida —la injusticia hermenéutica. La caracterización de estos dos fenómenos arroja luz sobre infinidad de cuestiones, como el poder social, los prejuicios, la razón o la autoridad de un discurso, y permite revelar los rasgos éticos intrínsecos en nuestras prácticas epistémicas.

Injusticia epistémica

Una injusticia epistémica se produce cuando se anula la capacidad de un sujeto para transmitir conocimiento y dar sentido a sus experiencias sociales. En esta original obra, Miranda Fricker analiza y hace visible el error que se comete —y las consecuencias que acarrea— cuando se desacredita el discurso de un sujeto por causas ajenas a su contenido, y, en un sentido más amplio, revela los aspectos éticos y políticos que subyacen en nuestra forma de conocer y comprender. Fricker determina dos tipos de injusticia epistémica: la que se produce cuando un emisor es desacreditado debido a los prejuicios que de él tiene su audiencia —la injusticia testimonial—; y la que se produce ante la incapacidad de un colectivo para comprender la experiencia social de un sujeto debido a una falta de recursos interpretativos, poniéndolo en una situación de desventaja y de credibilidad reducida —la injusticia hermenéutica. La caracterización de estos dos fenómenos arroja luz sobre infinidad de cuestiones, como el poder social, los prejuicios, la razón o la autoridad de un discurso, y permite revelar los rasgos éticos intrínsecos en nuestras prácticas epistémicas. Injusticia epistémica delinea de un modo nuevo la imbricación de la politización en nuestras formas de entender y comunicar y apuesta por reconducir nuestra conducta epistémica hacia un terreno de racionalidad y de justicia.

In this exploration of new territory between ethics and epistemology, Miranda Fricker argues that there is a distinctively epistemic type of injustice, in which someone is wronged specifically in their capacity as a knower. Justice is one of the oldest and most central themes in philosophy, but in order to reveal the ethical dimension of our epistemic practices the focus must shift to injustice. Fricker adjusts the philosophical lens so that we see through to the negative space that is epistemic injustice. The book explores two different types of epistemic injustice, each driven by a form of prejudice, and from this exploration comes a positive account of two corrective ethical-intellectual virtues. The characterization of these phenomena casts light on many issues, such as social power, prejudice, virtue, and the genealogy of knowledge, and it proposes a virtue epistemological account of testimony. In this ground-breaking book, the entanglements of reason and social power are traced in a new way, to reveal the different forms of epistemic injustice and their place in the broad pattern of social injustice.

Michael S. Brady

Social epistemology has been flourishing in recent years, expanding and making connections with political philosophy, virtue epistemology, philosophy of science, and feminist philosophy. The philosophy of the social world too is flourishing, with burgeoning work in the metaphysics of the social world, collective responsibility, group action, and group belief. The new philosophical vista now more clearly presenting itself is collective epistemology—the epistemology of groups and institutions. Groups engage in epistemic activity all the time—whether it be the active collective inquiry of scientific research groups or crime detection units, or the evidential deliberations of tribunals and juries, or the informational efforts of the voting population in general—and yet in philosophy there is still relatively little epistemology of groups to help explore these epistemic practices and their various dimensions of social and philosophical significance. The aim of this book is to address this lack, by presenting original essays in the field of collective epistemology, exploring these regions of epistemic practice and their significance for Epistemology, Political Philosophy, Ethics, and the Philosophy of Science.

Essays in the Epistemology of Collectives

The Epistemic Life of Groups

Epistemic Injustice explores a form of injustice which has so far been largely ignored in English-language philosophy: epistemic injustice - that is to say, a wrong suffered in one's capacity as a knower. Miranda Fricker distinguishes two forms of epistemic injustice: testimonial injustice and hermeneutical injustice. In connection with both, she argues that our testimonial sensibility needs to incorporate a corrective, anti-prejudicial virtue that canbe used to promote a more veridical and a more democratic epistemic practice.

Jennifer Hornsby

Specially-commissioned essays offering an overview of the place of feminism in philosophy.

The Cambridge Companion to Feminism in Philosophy

Samuel Guttenplan

This introductory text encourages students to engage with key problems and arguments in ethics through a series of classic and contemporary readings. It will inspire students to think about the distinctive nature of moral philosophy, and to draw comparisons between different traditions of thought, between ancient and modern philosophies, and between theoretical and literary writing about the place of value in human life. Each of the book’s six chapters focuses on a particular theme: the nature of goodness, subjectivity and objectivity in ethical thinking, justice and virtue, moral motivation, the place of moral obligation, and the idea that literature can be a form of moral philosophy. The historical readings come from Plato, Aristotle, Hume, Kant and Mill; and the contemporary readings from Foot, Rawls, McDowell, Mackie, Nagel, Williams, Nussbaum and Gaita. The editors’ introductions to the themes, and the interactive commentaries they provide for each reading, are intended to make Reading Ethics come as close as possible to a seminar in philosophy.

Reading Ethics

Nikolaj J.L.L. Pedersen

Edited by an international team of leading scholars, The Routledge Handbook of Social Epistemology is the first major reference work devoted to this growing field. The Handbook’s 46 chapters, all appearing in print here for the first time, and written by philosophers and social theorists from around the world, are organized into eight main parts: Historical Backgrounds The Epistemology of Testimony Disagreement, Diversity, and Relativism Science and Social Epistemology The Epistemology of Groups Feminist Epistemology The Epistemology of Democracy Further Horizons for Social Epistemology With lists of references after each chapter and a comprehensive index, this volume will prove to be the definitive guide to the burgeoning interdisciplinary field of social epistemology.

Miranda Fricker

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