Paul Baker

A personal and impassioned history of the infamous Section 28, the 1988 UK law banning the teaching “of the acceptability of homosexuality.” On May 23, 1988, Paul Baker sat down with his family to eat cake on his sixteenth birthday while The Six O’Clock News played in the background. But something was not quite right. There was muffled shouting—“Stop Section 28!”—and a scuffle. The papers would announce: “Beeb Man Sits on Lesbian.” The next day Section 28 passed into UK law, forbidding local authorities from the teaching “of the acceptability of homosexuality as a pretended family relationship.” It would send shockwaves through British society: silencing gay pupils and teachers, while galvanizing mass protests and the formation of the LGBTQ+ rights groups OutRage! and Stonewall. Outrageous! tells its story: the background to the Act, how the press fanned the flames and what politicians said during debates, how protestors fought back to bring about the repeal of the law in the 2000s, and its eventual legacy. Based on detailed research, interviews with key figures—including Ian McKellen, Michael Cashman, and Angela Mason—and personal recollection, Outrageous! is an impassioned, warm, often moving account of unthinkable prejudice enshrined within the law and of the power of community to overcome it.

The Story of Section 28 and Britain’s Battle for LGBT Education

Outrageous!

A Times Literary Supplement Book of the Year “Richly evocative and entertaining.”—Guardian “An essential book for anyone who wants to Polari bona!”—Attitude “Exuberant, richly detailed. . . . A delightful read.”—Tatler Polari is a language that was used chiefly by gay men in the first half of the twentieth century. It offered its speakers a degree of public camouflage and a means of identification. Its colorful roots are varied—from Cant to Lingua Franca to dancers’ slang—and in the mid-1960s it was thrust into the limelight by the characters Julian and Sandy, voiced by Hugh Paddick and Kenneth Williams, on the BBC radio show Round the Horne (“Oh hello Mr Horne, how bona to vada your dolly old eek!”). Paul Baker recounts the story of Polari with skill, humor, and tenderness. He traces its historical origins and describes its linguistic nuts and bolts, explores the ways and the environments in which it was spoken, explains the reasons for its decline, and tells of its unlikely reemergence in the twenty-first century. With a cast of drag queens and sailors, Dilly boys and macho clones, Fabulosa! is an essential document of recent history—a fascinating and fantastically readable account of this funny, filthy, and ingenious language.

The Story of Polari, Britain's Secret Gay Language

Fabulosa!

Using Corpora to Analyze Gender

Now in paperback, a personal and impassioned history of the infamous Section 28, the 1988 UK law banning the teaching “of the acceptability of homosexuality.” On May 23, 1988, Paul Baker sat down with his family to eat cake on his sixteenth birthday while The Six O’Clock News played in the background. But something was not quite right. There was muffled shouting—“Stop Section 28!”—and a scuffle. The papers would announce: “Beeb Man Sits on Lesbian.” The next day Section 28 passed into UK law, forbidding local authorities from teaching “of the acceptability of homosexuality as a pretended family relationship.” It would send shockwaves through British society: silencing gay pupils and teachers, while galvanizing mass protests and the formation of the LGBTQ+ rights groups OutRage! and Stonewall. Outrageous! tells its story: the background to the Act, how the press fanned the flames and what politicians said during debates, how protestors fought back to bring about the repeal of the law in the 2000s, and its eventual legacy. Based on detailed research, interviews with key figures—including Ian McKellen, Michael Cashman, and Angela Mason—and personal recollection, Outrageous! is an impassioned, warm, often moving account of unthinkable prejudice enshrined within the law and of the power of community to overcome it.

The Story of Section 28 and Britain's Battle for LGBT Education

Polari has been the secret language of gay men and women through the twentieth century. But more than a language, Polari is an attitude. From the prisons and music halls of Edwardian England to Kenneth Williams, American Gls in London and the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence, Polari has been used to laugh, bitch, gossip and cruise. Like all slang, Polari users coined an ever-changing vocabulary. Derived from words used by criminals, circus artists, beggars and prostitutes, it also employed Italian, Yiddish, French, rhyming slang and backslang. Polari speakers camped up a storm, from West End chorus boys and office workers to East End sea-queens. Since gay liberation, lesbian and gay slang has become less a language of concealment than a language of specialization, though the tradition of camp remains. A carefully researched and entertaining read, Fantabulosa presents a lexicon of Polari and a more general dictionary of lesbian and gay slang. If you don't yet know what vada the bona cartes on the ommee ajax, parkering ninty, a Mexican nightmare or a nellyectomy mean, then this is the book for you.

A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang

Fantabulosa

Polari is a language that was used chiefly by gay men in the first half of the twentieth century. At a time when being gay could result in criminal prosecution—or worse—Polari offered its speakers a degree of public camouflage, a way of expressing humor, and a means of identification and of establishing a community. Its roots are colorful and varied—from thieves’ Cant to Lingua Franca and prostitutes’ slang—and in the mid-1960s it was thrust into the limelight by the characters Julian and Sandy, voiced by Hugh Paddick and Kenneth Williams, on the BBC radio show Round the Horne: “Oh Mr. Horne, how bona to vada your dolly old eke!” In Fabulosa!, Paul Baker recounts the story of Polari with skill, erudition, and tenderness. He traces its historical origins and describes its linguistic nuts and bolts, exploring the ways and the environments in which it was spoken, the reasons for its decline, and its unlikely reemergence in the twenty-first century. With a cast of drag queens and sailors, Dilly boys and macho clones, Fabulosa! is an essential document of recent history and a fascinating and fantastically readable account of this funny, filthy, and ingenious language.

Jo Stanley

When gays had to be closeted, ships were the only places where homosexual men could not only be out but also camp. And on some liners to the sun and the New World, queens and butches had a ball. They sashayed and minced their way across the world's oceans. Never before has the story been told of the masses. These are the thousands of queer seafarers, mainly stewards, who sometimes even outnumbered the straight men in the catering departments of ships that were household names and the pride of the British fleet. Hello Sailor! uniquely shows what it was like to be queer at sea at a time when land meant straightness.

The Hidden History of Gay Life at Sea

Hello Sailor!

Mercedes G. Merayo

Manuel Nunez

This volume contains the proceedings of TESTCOM/FATES 2009, a Joint Conference of the 21st IFIP International Conference on Testing of Com- nicating Systems (TESTCOM) and the 9th International Workshop on Formal Approachesto Testing of Software (FATES). TESTCOM/FATES 2009 was held in Eindhoven, The Netherlands, during November 2–4, 2009. In this edition, TESTCOM/FATES was part of the ?rst Formal Methods Week (FMweek). TESTCOM/FATES aims at being a forum for researchers, developers, and testers to review, discuss, and learn about new approaches, concepts, theories, methodologies, tools, and experiences in the ?eld of testing of communicating systemsandsoftware.TESTCOMhasa longhistory.Previouslyitwascalled- ternationalWorkshoponProtocolTest Systems (IWPTS) and changedits name latertoInternationalWorkshoponTestingofCommunicatingSystem(IWTCS). The previous events were held in Vancouver, Canada (1988); Berlin, Germany (1989);McLean,USA (1990);Leidschendam,TheNetherlands(1991);Montreal, Canada (1992); Pau, France (1993); Tokyo, Japan (1994); Evry, France (1995); Darmstadt,Germany(1996);Cheju Island,Korea(1997);Tomsk,Russia(1998); Budapest, Hungary (1999); Ottawa, Canada (2000); Berlin, Germany (2002); Sophia Antipolis, France (2003); Oxford, UK (2004); Montr´ eal, Canada (2005) andNew York,USA (2006).FATESalsohasits history.The previousworkshops were held in Aalborg, Denmark (2001); Brno, Czech Republic (2002); Montr´ eal, Canada (2003); Linz, Austria (2004); Edinburgh, UK (2005) and Seattle, USA (2006). TESTCOM and FATES became a joint conference in 2007: It has been held in Tallinn, Estonia (2007) and Tokyo, Japan (2008).

21st IFIP WG 6.1 International Conference, TESTCOM 2009 and 9th International Workshop, FATES 2009, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, November 2-4, 2009, Proceedings

Testing of Software and Communication Systems

Would you like to lose weight, look amazing and feel great on the Carnivore Diet without the hassle of trial and error? If yes, then keep reading... The 4-Week Carnivore Meal Plan comes from the direct experience of a nutrition professional, and contains everything you need to get started and be successful on the carnivore diet, an extremely effective carb-free exclusion diet. By eating only meat of various animals and drinking water, you can get rid once and for all of excess fat, brain fog, inflammation, allergies, digestive problems and more. Plenty of people report that after just 3 days they feel better physically and mentally than they ever thought possible. The real change is visible after at least 28 days of dieting, and getting to the end of this journey can be a difficult challenge, without the proper guidance. For each of the 4 weeks of the this plan you will find an overview of how you will need to act, the specific meal plan, the shopping list and more, so you don't have to worry about anything other than eating delicious meat! One of the advantages of the carnivore diet is simplicity: you don't have to count calories or worry about nutrients or the number of meals - you just have to eat your fill every day and follow the instructions in the book carefully. If you do this you are well on your way to success with the carnivore diet. In this book you will discover: The problems of other diets that no one tells you The scientific basis of the effectiveness of the carnivorous diet The most nutritious meats to choose and foods to avoid Unique strategies to resolve possible side effects immediately Tricks to increase your chances of success by 300% How to save up to 70% when shopping for meat Tried and tested 4-week meal plan with shopping list 10 simple and delicious recipes to start with ...and much more! With comprehensive, simple and clear information, this manual will guide you through all the necessary steps to take to change your nutrition and, with it, your well-being. Ready to get started? Click the "Buy Now" button!

How To Start, What To Eat, How To Succeed. Lose Weight Fast, Say Goodbye To Cravings And Inflammation With The Definitive Carnivore Diet For Beginners Handbook

The 4-Week Carnivore Meal Plan

Would you like to lose weight, look amazing and feel great on the Carnivore Diet without the hassle of trial and error? If yes, then keep reading... The Complete Carnivore Diet Guide comes from the direct experience of a nutrition professional, and contains everything you need to get started and be successful on the carnivore diet, an extremely effective carb-free exclusion diet. By eating only meat of various animals and drinking water, you can get rid once and for all of excess fat, brain fog, inflammation, allergies, digestive problems and more. Plenty of people report that after just 3 days they feel better physically and mentally than they ever thought possible. One of the advantages of the carnivore diet is simplicity: you don't have to count calories or worry about nutrients or the number of meals - you just have to eat your fill every day and follow the instructions in the book carefully. If you do this you are well on your way to success. This book includes 2 titles: ✓ Carnivore Diet For Beginners: what it is, how it works and what are the benefits of the carnivore diet. What makes it different from other diets, plus the uncomfortable truths about plant-based diets that no one tells you and that can harm your health. Includes dozens of easy-to-make recipes (based on readily available ingredients) with which you can start improving your health immediately. ✓ The 4-Week Carnivore Meal Plan: the real change is visible after at least 28 days of dieting, but getting to the end of this journey can be a difficult challenge. Here you find exactly the expert guidance and the proven tricks you need to succeed. For each of the 4 weeks of this plan you get an overview of how you need to act, the specific meal plan, the shopping list and more, so you don't have to worry about anything other than eating delicious meat! With this book you will learn: The #1 secret that allows you to eat to your fill and achieve great shape & health at the same time. All the benefits of the carnivore diet, among which: weight loss; improved digestion, mental clarity, energy and sleep; reduced allergies, inflammation and joint pain. Why plant based diets can be harmful for your health according to science. The most nutritious meats to choose and foods to avoid. The best way to start the carnivore diet from a beginner level. Advanced tricks to increase your chances of success by 300%. Unique strategies to resolve possible side effects immediately. How to save up to 70% when shopping for meat. Tried and tested 4-week meal plan with shopping list. Extensive FAQ chapter with answers to all your questions. 55 easy recipes to cook delicious meat. ...And much, much more! With comprehensive, simple and clear information, this manual will guide you through all the necessary steps to take to change your nutrition and, with it, your well-being. Ready to get started? Click the "Buy Now" button!

2 Books in 1: Carnivore Diet for Beginners, the 4-Week Carnivore Meal Plan. Lose Fat, Get Lean and Healthy. No More Inflammation, Allergies, Aches. Includes 55 Recipes

The Complete Carnivore Diet Guide

This guide provides a list of resources for teaching geography in prep schools. It includes information on text resources, websites, associations and maps which can be used in the geography classroom.

Resources for Prep School Geography - Second Edition

Exercises for Creative Growth

Integration of Abilities

Is British English becoming more like American English? Paul Baker tracks the changes, trends and distinctions of both languages to answer this question.

Divided by a Common Language?

American and British English

Tony McEnery

Rachelle Vessey

How do violent jihadists use language to try to persuade people to carry out violent acts? This book analyses over two million words of texts produced by violent jihadists to identify and examine the linguistic strategies employed. Taking a mixed methods approach, the authors combine quantitative methods from corpus linguistics, which allow the identification of frequent words and phrases, alongside close reading of texts via discourse analyses. The analysis compares language use across three sets of texts: those which advocate violence, those which take a hostile but non-violent standpoint, and those which take a moderate perspective, identifying the different uses of language associated with different stages of radicalization. The book also discusses how strategies including use of Arabic, romanisation, formal English, quotation, metaphor, dehumanisation and collectivisation are used to create in and out groups and justify violence.

The Language of Violent Jihad

Corpus linguistics uses specialist software to identify linguistic patterns in large computerised collections of text - patterns which then must be interpreted and explained by human researchers. This book critically explores how corpus linguistics techniques can help analysis of language and gender by conducting a number of case studies on topics which include: directives in spoken conversations, changes in sexist and non-sexist language use over time, personal adverts, press representation of gay men, and the ways that boys and girls are constructed through language. The book thus covers both gendered usage (e.g. how do males and females use language differently, or not, from each other), and gendered representations (e.g. in what ways are males and females written or spoken about). Additionally, the book shows ways that readers can either explore their own hypotheses, or approach the corpus from a “naïve” position, letting the data drive their analysis from the outset. The book covers a range of techniques and measures including frequencies, keywords, collocations, dispersion, word sketches, downsizing and triangulation, all in an accessible style.

Gavin Brookes

How do newspapers use language to represent obesity, and how does this language potentially shame and stigmatise people with obesity? The first book-length linguistic analysis of the representation of obesity in the press, this work presents innovative methods and key theories for exploring how language shapes public attitudes.

Language and Representation in the Press

Obesity in the News

Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches, this book analyses over two million words of texts produced by violent jihadists to show how they use language to persuade people to carry out violent acts. It will be invaluable for researchers in corpus linguistics, as well as religious scholars.

Giuseppe Balirano

How do we learn what it means to be a man? And how do we learn to question what it means to be a man? This collection comprises a set of original interdisciplinary chapters on the linguistic and cultural representations of queer masculinities in a range of new and older media: television, film, online forums, news reporting, advertising and fiction. This innovative work examines new and emerging forms of gender hybridisation in relation to complex socialisation and immigration contexts including the role of EU institutions in ascertaining asylum seekers’ sexual orientation, and the European laws on gender policy. The book employs numerous analytical approaches including critical discourse analysis, corpus linguistics, multimodal analysis, literary criticism and anthropological and social research. The authors show how such texts can disrupt, question or complicate traditional notions of what it means to be a man, queering the idea that men possess fixed identities or desires, instead arguing that masculinity is constantly changing and negotiated through the cultural and political overlapping contexts in which it is regularly produced. These nuanced analyses will bring fresh insights for students and scholars of gender, masculinity and queer studies, linguistics, anthropology and semiotics.

Queering Masculinities in Language and Culture

Costas Gabrielatos

Is the British press prejudiced against Muslims? This thorough analysis of over 140 million words of newspaper articles explores that question.

The Representation of Islam in the British Press

Discourse Analysis and Media Attitudes

Jesse Egbert

Contemporary corpus linguists use a wide variety of methods to study discourse patterns. This volume provides a systematic comparison of various methodological approaches in corpus linguistics through a series of parallel empirical studies that use a single corpus dataset to answer the same overarching research question. Ten contributing experts each use a different method to address the same broadly framed research question: In what ways does language use in online Q+A forum responses differ across four world English varieties (India, Philippines, United Kingdom, and United States)? Contributions will be based on analysis of the same 400,000 word corpus from online Q+A forums, and contributors employ methodologies including corpus-based discourse analysis, audience perceptions, Multi-Dimensional analysis, pragmatic analysis, and keyword analysis. In their introductory and concluding chapters, the volume editors compare and contrast the findings from each method and assess the degree to which ‘triangulating’ multiple approaches may provide a more nuanced understanding of a research question, with the aim of identifying a set of complementary approaches which could arguably take into account analytical blind spots. Baker and Egbert also consider the importance of issues such as researcher subjectivity, type of annotation, the limitations and affordances of different corpus tools, the relative strengths of qualitative and quantitative approaches, and the value of considering data or information beyond the corpus. Rather than attempting to find the ‘best’ approach, the focus of the volume is on how different corpus linguistic methodologies may complement one another, and raises suggestions for further methodological studies which use triangulation to enrich corpus-related research.

Paul Baker

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