The Normative Islamic Tradition in North and West Africa A Case Stude of Transmission of Authority and Distilation of Knowledge in Ibn ʻĀshir's Al-Murshid Al-muʻīn (The Helpful Guide)

For almost four hundred years, Ibn ʻĀshir's famous didactic poem Al-Murshid al-muʻīn (The helpful guide) has been the primary text used to teach creed, law, and spiritual practice to young students in North and West Africa. How did this text concisely integrate the essential Islamic sciences, providing a holistic summation of orthodox Suni creed, rites, and spirituality? And how did it receive uniform acceptance as the foundational text in North and West Africa, serving as the main catalyst for a cohesive normative tradition in the region? This dissertation presents a thorough excavation of the text through an adapted translator's model and historical methodolgy that approaches the problem as one of intellectual archeology. It also uses historical methods of research to examine the Islamic pedagogical system through a focused analysis. The primary sources are Al-Murshid al-muʻīn itself; its many glosses and commentaries; the biographical literature of the Maliki tradition; as well as a survey of the historical and more recent scholarship on the formation of the juristic, creedal, and spiritual schools that emerged as normative, with a fully formulated orthodoxy and orthopraxy. Finally the dissertation details the critical roles of both the isnād tradition, which preserves the author's original intent, and the abridgement tradition, which involved a distillation of the essential Islamic sciences through a long process of scholarly efforts to enable a succinct transmission of the essential knowledge to students of the sacred knowledge. This transmission occurred through a scaffolding that enabled students to move from beginners' texts to more advanced ones. The process of distillation of the large early texts to smaller and smaller abridgements involved providing general students with easily accessible manuals that allow them to learn the basics of the religion and enable them to understand their creed, worship their Lord, and work on their spiritual growth with sound knowledge. Hence, such texts were part of a greater religious literacy project. Due to the excellence of Ibn ʻĀshir's text in fulfilling all of these aims, it became the foundational text for religious literacy in both North and West Africa for almost four hundred years, playing a pivotal role in establishing an authoritative and moderate Islam that, due to the isnād tradition, emerged without the need for synods, magisteria, or councils of scholars to agree upon faith and practice.