Name: Bryan Alexander's review of The Culture of Fear by Barry Glassner
Item: The Culture of Fear
Rating: 4
Author: Bryan Alexander

Barry Glassner

There has never been another era in modern history, even during wartime or the Great Depression, when so many people have feared so much. Three out of four Americans say they feel more fearful today then they did twenty years ago. The Culture of Fear describes the high costs of living in a fear-ridden environment where realism has become rarer than doors without deadbolts.Why do we have so many fears these days? Are we living in exceptionally dangerous times? To watch the news, you'd certainly think so, but Glassner demonstrates that it is our perception of danger that has increased, not the actual level of risk. The Culture of Fear is an expose of the people and organizations that manipulate our perceptions and profit from our fears: politicians who win elections by heightening concerns about crime and drug use even as rates for both are declining; advocacy groups that raise money by exaggerating the prevalence of particular diseases; TV newsmagazines that monger a new scare every week to garner ratings.Glassner spells out the prices we pay for social panics: the huge sums of money that go to waste on unnecessary programs and products as well as time and energy spent worrying about our fears.

Why Americans Are Afraid of the Wrong Things

The Culture of Fear

Bryan Alexander

This review is about fear.  Specifically, about stupid fears.  Those are not realistic concerns about ill health, economic stress, or living in a war zone. Instead, these  fears are either literally fantastic, made up of delusions, or, while based on tiny grains of truth, have been blown far out of proportion into large-scale cultural terrors.


  
The occasion isn't anything in current events.  It's not about Trump or wars or opioid deaths.  Instead, it's because I finished reading Barry Glassner's very good The Culture of Fear (first published 2000). It was good fodder for my ongoing critique of tv news. Here I'll summarize highlights, then speculate about the future and education's role.

tl;dr - American news media and politicians love terrifying us.  They'll probably keep doing it.  Education needs to step up to help mitigate these stupid fears.

Glassner wrote his book in the 1990s, so the first edition is very much an artifact of the time, with the pre-dot-bomb web being new-ish and exciting and the Clintons-Gingrich push for mass incarceration.  Some of the fears he addresses are outdated now, like pre-9-11 panics over air safety.

Otherwise, Culture of Fear feels very current.  It addresses a series of panics that were at best exaggerated and at worst cynical ploys deployed for monetary gain or political ends by news media and political figures: crime, from violent crime to drugs; children in danger; mothers misbehaving;  black men being terrifying; medical concerns so strange and removed from evidence that Glassner labels them "metaphoric illnesses."  In fact violent crime experienced an extraordinary and very welcome decline throughout the 1990s, most children are safe, and most likely to be endangered by their families, and so on.  These are stories told in defiance of statistics, bits of horror pried loose from a less horrific context to win eyeballs and to sell ads.


  
 One of my favorite Gothic TIME magazine covers.

Glassner offers a battery of reasons why we should be concerned about such fake fears.  For one, some can lead to very real harm, as when fake medical panics, like the very stupid anti-vax movement, lead to real world sickness (175).  For another, they serve as distractions from closely related issues, as when we learn more about people going postal and less about workplace safety (28).  Similarly, Glassner sees the protracted debates over a so-far unproven Gulf War Syndrome as drawing attention from criticizing the conduct of the first Gulf War itself (158).  Such fears can fruitlessly draw down political energies, as when government and corporate time was spend exploring hypothetical air safety issues when they could have gone to mitigating the far, far more dangerous, and very real, death, injury, and damage causes by car crashes (198) .  They can also lead to bad policy, as when the hilariously stupid TIME magazine cyberporn panic helped drive the equally stupid Communications Decency Act (1996).

The cumulative effects of being immersed in stupid fears can help convince us we live in a world more terrifying than it really is, what some researchers have called mean world syndrome (44).  This can lead to deranged politics, as when Trump builds a presidency on largely fantastical fears of immigrants committing crimes.  Mean world can also feed on itself; some people may become so scared they spend more time at home watching tv news, which then terrorizes them even more (45).

The storytelling aspect interests me.  Culture of Fear argues that media and political fear-mongering teaches consumers and voters to see problems in terms of stories about heroic individuals, rather than about social or political factors.  The contexts get set aside, replaced with more relatable tales of villainous criminals and virtuous victims, which Glassner calls "neurologizing social problems" (217). There is also a curious, quietly conservative politics of the family involved.  Such fears emphasize stranger danger, which is actually statistically very rare.  Instead, they minimize the far more likely source of harm most American face: our family members (31).

On top of those problems, many of these mongered fears can further anti-black racism.  Throughout Culture of Fear the author reminds us how many of these narratives turn on scary black men threatening good white people, usually women.  Chapter 5 is all about how media and politicians create black men as figures of terror.

Glassner adds some interesting points about why these particular fears are so popular.  One is the way fake fears reveal cultural anxieties, much as horror stories do (208). Another is the idea that, for journalism, media leaders can shape content based on their own worldview, or: "news is what happens to your editors."  By that he means "editors - and their bosses... [and] their families, friends, and business associates"(201). Hence, for example, the appeal of stories about air travel, since those demographics are more likely to fly.  Hence the focus on suburban terror, since these populations are more likely to live there.

The books doesn't always sit well with me, possibly because of the passage of time. It sees 1990s-era stories of pedophile priests as overblown, which misses the way clerical sex abuse actually became a very established and significant fact (35ff).  Glassner is also quite fair and balanced in his critique of news media, more generous than I am, if I can lift a slogan from perhaps America's most noteworthy fearmonger, Fox News.  He takes care throughout the book to note when journalists actually reverse course and either share information about realistic fears, or instead critique stupid fear-mongering from politicians and other media outlets (xxx, for example). I find all too few examples of this laudable style.

But what really ratcheted up the power of Culture of Fear is that everything I've described above was in the 2000 edition.  Glassner went on to issue a second edition in 2009, which showed these fake fears persisting and getting worse.  An extra chapter dwells, unsurprisingly, on the war on terror, reminding 2019's reader of how the Bush administration used fears ranging from exaggerated to fictional for political gain.  Since 2000 several new dreads appeared, including fears of mold and environmental illnesses (229).

Is the culture of fear likely to continue?  I fear (see what I did there) that it will, at least in the United States.  Our politics clearly adore fear, notably from the Trump administration and its emphasis on immigrant-driven carnage.  Our news media continue to worship at the altar of "if it bleeds, it leads."

In fact, as I started writing this post yesterday, I clicked to CNN.com to see if I could find some examples of their beloved scare-mongering.  Right away I found a splendidly shrieking example right on their front page:



Please note that that screen capture is of the entire first screen, from side to side, eating up every pixel of that extremely valuable real estate.  Of all the stories CNN could purvey, from climate change to AI, they choose another outlier, a Gothic tale that has little to do with lived reality.

Impressed by this, I scrolled down the CNN main page, thinking that "below the fold" might appear actual news.  Instead, the second screen carried on with the parent-killing first:



Suspects, media, even ghosts.  Note the fiery if not bloody red font for the sheriff's video.

Remember that CNN is the opposite of a fringe news service.  Between Fox and MSNBC it occupies a neutral, middle ground.  It is, putatively, the sober center.  And it simply adores scaring the hell out of us.

So yes, I think it's likely this trend can be simply extrapolated into the future.  Other trends will intersect with and amplify it.  Personalization, for example, should help target our fears more precisely, aided by AI.  Watch for AR/VR/MR instances of stupid fears.

What does the likelihood of even more stupid fear-mongering mean for education?  It simply means, as I said years ago, we have to teach people to resist this stuff.  In our quest to teach digital literacy we should encourage students - of all ages - to avoid tv news, or to sample it judiciously, with great skepticism.  We should assist them in recognizing when politicians fire up fear campaigns based on poor facts.

Many educators already do some form of this.  But it's easy not to.  Social media and mobile devices are far sexier than tv news.  The renaissance in tv storytelling has cast the entire television enterprise in a better light, I think.  And Americans do have this habit of romanticizing old technology in the face of the new.  It takes some effort to remember to subject it to scrutiny.  And when it comes to politics, well, politicians peddle terror because it often works.

If Glassner is right about the negative impacts of such fear - the misdirection of resources, the creation of bad policy, the encouragement of mean world syndrome, the furtherance of racism - the promulgation of real damage - then educators need to take steps to instill a critical stance among students that dismantles the structures of stupid fears.

Bryan Alexander &
The Culture of Fear by Barry Glassner

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Bryan Alexander &The Culture of Fear by Barry Glassner

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Bryan Alexander &
The Culture of Fear by Barry Glassner